Cybersecurity for Digital Twins in the Built Environment: Research Landscape, Industry Attitudes and Future Direction
Technological advances in the construction sector are helping to make smart cities a reality by means of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). CPS integrate information and the physical world through the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT). An increasingly common goal in the built environment is to integrate Building Information Models (BIM) with Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor technologies using CPS. Future advances could see the adoption of digital twins, creating new opportunities for CPS using monitoring, simulation and optimisation technologies. However, researchers often fail to fully consider the security implications. To date, it is not widely possible to assimilate BIM data and cybersecurity concepts and, therefore, security has thus far been overlooked. This paper reviews the empirical literature concerning IoT applications in the built environment and discusses real-world applications of the IoT intended to enhance construction practices, people’s lives and bolster cybersecurity. Specifically, this research addresses two research questions: (a) How suitable are the current IoT and CPS security stacks to address the cybersecurity threats facing digital twins in the context of smart buildings and districts? and (b) What are the current obstacles to tackling cybersecurity threats to the built environment CPS? To answer these questions, this paper reviews the current state-of-the-art research concerning digital twins in the built environment, the IoT, BIM, urban cities and cybersecurity. The results of the findings of this study confirmed the importance of using digital twins in both IoT and BIM. Also, eight reference zones across Europe have gained special recognition for their contributions to the advancement of IoT science. Therefore, this paper evaluates the use of digital twins in CPS to arrive at recommendations for expanding BIM specifications to facilitate IoT compliance, bolster cybersecurity and integrate digital twin and city standards in the smart cities of the future.
[1] D. Miorandi, S. Sicari, F. De. Pellegrini, and I. Chlamtac, Ad Hoc Networks Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges, Ad Hoc Networks. Elsevier B.V., 10(7), pp. 1497–1516. doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc, Sep. 2012.
[2] J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, and M. Palaniswami, Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions, Future Generation Computer Systems. Elsevier B.V., 29(7), pp. 1645–1660. doi: 10.1016/j.future, Sep. 2013.
[3] S. Howell, Y.Rezgui, Beyond BIM, 2018.
[4] D. H. Shin, Ubiquitous city: Urban technologies, urban infrastructure and urban informatics, 35(5), pp. 515–526. doi: 10.1177/0165551509100832, Oct 2009.
[5] A. A. Cardenas, S. Amin, and S. Sastry, ‘Secure Control: Towards Survivable Cyber-Physical Systems ∗’, pp. 495–500. doi: 10.1109/ICDCS.Workshops.2008.40, Jun. 2008
[6] S. C. Steinmetz, A. Rettberg, and F.G. Ribeiro, Internet of Things Ontology for Digital Twin in Cyber Physical Systems. doi:10.1109/SBESC.2018.00030, Nov.2018.
[7] A. El. Saddik, ‘The Convergence of Multimedia Technologies’, IEEE MultiMedia. IEEE, 25(June), pp. 87–92. doi: 10.1109/MMUL.2018.023121167, Aug. 2018.
[8] M. Das, J.C. Cheng, and S.S. Kumar, BIMCloud: A Distributed Cloud-based Scoial BIM Framework for Project Collaboration, The 6th International ASCE Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, pp. 41–48. doi: 10.1061/9780784413616.006, Dec. 2015.
[9] H. Boyes, Building Information Modelling (BIM): Addressing the Cyber Security Issues, Iet, pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1049/etr, Sep. 2014.
[10] Autodesk, Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design, Autodesk White Paper, pp. 1–13, 2003.
[11] H.S. Cha, DG. Lee, A case study of time/cost analysis for aged-housing renovation using a pre-made BIM database structure, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(4), pp. 841–852. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-0617-1, May. 2015.
[12] A. GhaffarianHoseini, T. Zhang, O. Nwadigo, A. H. GhaffarianHoseini, N. Naismith, J. Tookey, and K. Raahemifar, Application of nD BIM Integrated Knowledge-based Building Management System (BIM-IKBMS) for inspecting post-construction energy efficiency, 72(February), pp. 935–949. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.061, May. 2017.
[13] M. Jung, C. Reinisch, and W. Kastner, Integrating Building Automation Systems and IPv6 in the Internet of Things, 2012 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE, pp. 683–688. doi: 10.1109/IMIS.2012.134, Jul. 2012.
[14] A. Bosch, L. Volker, and A. Koutamanis, A. 2015. BIM in the operations stage: bottlenecks and implications for owners, 5(3), pp. 331–343. doi: 10.1108/BEPAM-03-2014-0017, Jul. 2015.
[15] A. Romigh, J. Kim, and A. Sattineni, 4D Scheduling: A Visualization Tool for Construction Field Operations, pp. 395–404, 2017
[16] F. Tao, Y. Zuo, L. Da. Xu, and L. Zhang, IoT-Based Intelligent Perception and Access of Manufacturing Resource Toward Cloud, 10(2), pp. 1547–1557, Feb. 2014.
[17] K. Ding, H. Shi, J. Hui, Y. Liu, B. Zhu, F. Zhang, and W. Cao, Smart steel bridge construction enabled by BIM and Internet of Things in industry 4.0: A framework, 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/ICNSC.2018.8361339, Mar. 2018.
[18] F. Tao, Q. Qi, New IT Driven Service-Oriented Smart Manufacturing: Framework and Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. IEEE, 49(1), pp. 81–91. doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2017.2723764, Jul. 2017.
[19] A. Guerriero, S. Kubicki, F. Berroir, and C. Lemaire, BIM-enhanced Collaborative Smart Technologies for LEAN Construction Processes, pp. 1023–1030, Jun.2017.
[20] Synchronicity-iot.eu. Synchronicity, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://synchronicity-iot.eu/ (Accessed 6 Sep. 2019).
[21] Imec-int.com. imec - city of things, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://www.imec-int.com/en/cityofthings (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[22] Antwerpen.digipolis.be.Digipolis Antwerpen, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://antwerpen.digipolis.be/en/blog/2fac1bf7-eeee-432b-9a93-dad32bbb2002 (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[23] IEM. IEM - Innovative parking solutions for smart cities: Parking meters, 2019. (Online) Available at: http://www.iemgroup.com/ (Accessed 16 Aug. 2019).
[24] Digitransit. Digitransit, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://digitransit.fi/en (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[25] CityVerve. CityVerve Manchester | Manchester’s Smart City Demonstrator, 2019. (Online) Available at: http://www.cityverve.org.uk (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[26] M. Fazio, A. Celesti, F.G. Marquez,A. Glikson, M. Villari, Exploiting the FIWARE Cloud Platform to Develop a Remote Patient Monitoring System, pp. 264–270. doi: 10.1109/ISCC.2015.7405526, Jul. 2015.
[27] International, M. Mandat International, welcome centre NGO UN international conference information Geneva, 2019. (Online) Mandint.org. Available at: https://www.mandint.org/ (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[28] P.T. Kirstein, A. Ruiz-Zafra, Use of Templates and The Handle for Large-Scale Provision of Security and IoT in the Built Environment, pp. 1–10, 2018.
[29] S. Haag, R. Anderl, Digital twin – Proof of concept. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 15, pp. 64–66. doi: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.02.006, Jan. 2018.
[30] E. Negri, L. Fumagalli, M. Macchi, A review of the roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based production systems. The Author(s), 11(June), pp. 939–948. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.198, Jan. 2017.
[31] M. Abramovici, J.C. Göbel, H.B. Dang, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology Semantic data management for the development and continuous reconfiguration of smart products and systems, 65, pp. 185–188, Jan.2016.
[32] J. Green, Cisco, The internet of things reference model, In Internet of Things World Forum, Cisco White Paper, pp. 1–12, June. 2014.
[33] F.H. Abanda, J.H.M. Tah, R. Keivani, Expert Systems with Applications Trends in built environment semantic Web applications: Where are we today?, Expert Systems With Applications. Elsevier Ltd, 40(14), pp. 5563–5577. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.04.027, Oct.2013.
[34] F. Ameri, L. Patil, Digital manufacturing market: a semantic web-based framework for agile supply chain deployment, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, pp. 1817–1832. doi: 10.1007/s10845-010-0495-z, Oct.2012.
[35] Z. Wang, J. Sun, and D. Hutchison, Semantic Technology, 2016.
[36] O. Bodenreider, R. Stevens, Bio-ontologies: current trends and future directions, 7(3), pp. 256–274. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbl027, Sep.2006.
[37] Q. Rajput, S. Haider, Procedia Computer A comparison of ontology-based and reference-set-based semantic annotation frameworks, Procedia Computer Science. Elsevier, 3, pp. 1535–1540. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.01.045, Jan.2011.
[38] H. Boyes, and the Built Environment, IT Professional. IEEE, 17, pp. 25–31. doi: 10.1109/MITP.2015.49, Jan.2015.
[39] D.G. Photovoltaics, E.Storage, Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 Sponsored by the, 2011.
[40] S. Howell, Y. Rezgui, JL. Hippolyte, B. Jayan, B. Jayan, and H. Li, Towards the next generation of smart grids: Semantic and holonic multi- agent management of distributed energy resources, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd, 77(March), pp. 193–214. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.107, Sep.2017.
[41] M. Hogan, B. Piccarreta, and Interagency International Cybersecurity Standardization Working Group. Interagency report on status of international cybersecurity standardization for the Internet of Things (IoT) (No. NIST Internal or Interagency Report (NISTIR) 8200 (Draft)). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Feb. 2018.
[42] S.C. BSI, PAS 1192-5: 2015 A specification for security-minded building information modelling, digital built environments and smart asset management, 2015.
[43] M. Eckhart, A. Ekelhart, Towards Security-Aware Virtual Environments for Digital Twins, pp. 61–72, May.2018.
[44] S. Sridhar, A. Hahn, and M. Govindarasu, Cyber – Physical System Security for the Electric Power Grid, Proceedings of the IEEE. IEEE, 100(1), pp. 210–224. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2165269, Oct.2011.
[45] A. Perrig, J. Stankovic, and D. Wagner, Security in wireless sensor networks, Jan.2004.
[46] A. Perrig, R. Szewczyk, J.D. Tygar, V. Wen, and D.E. Culler, SPINS : Security Protocols for Sensor Networks, pp. 521–534, Sep. 2002.
[47] B. Parno, M. Luk, E. Gaustad, A. Perrig, Secure Sensor Network Routing: A Clean-Slate Approach, Dec. 2006.
[48] M. Luk, G. Mezzour, A. Perrig, and V. Gligor, MiniSec : A Secure Sensor Network Communication Architecture CBC-enCrypton , eq andly, pp. 479–488, Apr. 2007.
[49] R.J. Turk, Cyber Incidents Involving Control Systems, (No. INL/EXT-05-00671). Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Oct.2005.
[50] R. Mitchell, I.R. Chen, A Survey of Intrusion Detection Techniques for Cyber-Physical Systems, 46(4), Mar.2014.
[51] YL. Huang, A.A. Cárdenas, S. Amin, ZS. Lin, H-Y. Tsai, and S. Sastry, Understanding the physical and economic consequences of attacks on control systems, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Elsevier B.V., 2(3), pp. 73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2009.06.001, Oct. 2009.
[52] S. Tang, D.R. Shelden, C.M. Eastman, P. Pishdad-Bozorgi, and X. Gao, Automation in Construction A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends, Automation in Construction. Elsevier, 101(January), pp. 127–139. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.020, May. 2019.
[1] D. Miorandi, S. Sicari, F. De. Pellegrini, and I. Chlamtac, Ad Hoc Networks Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges, Ad Hoc Networks. Elsevier B.V., 10(7), pp. 1497–1516. doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc, Sep. 2012.
[2] J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, and M. Palaniswami, Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions, Future Generation Computer Systems. Elsevier B.V., 29(7), pp. 1645–1660. doi: 10.1016/j.future, Sep. 2013.
[3] S. Howell, Y.Rezgui, Beyond BIM, 2018.
[4] D. H. Shin, Ubiquitous city: Urban technologies, urban infrastructure and urban informatics, 35(5), pp. 515–526. doi: 10.1177/0165551509100832, Oct 2009.
[5] A. A. Cardenas, S. Amin, and S. Sastry, ‘Secure Control: Towards Survivable Cyber-Physical Systems ∗’, pp. 495–500. doi: 10.1109/ICDCS.Workshops.2008.40, Jun. 2008
[6] S. C. Steinmetz, A. Rettberg, and F.G. Ribeiro, Internet of Things Ontology for Digital Twin in Cyber Physical Systems. doi:10.1109/SBESC.2018.00030, Nov.2018.
[7] A. El. Saddik, ‘The Convergence of Multimedia Technologies’, IEEE MultiMedia. IEEE, 25(June), pp. 87–92. doi: 10.1109/MMUL.2018.023121167, Aug. 2018.
[8] M. Das, J.C. Cheng, and S.S. Kumar, BIMCloud: A Distributed Cloud-based Scoial BIM Framework for Project Collaboration, The 6th International ASCE Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, pp. 41–48. doi: 10.1061/9780784413616.006, Dec. 2015.
[9] H. Boyes, Building Information Modelling (BIM): Addressing the Cyber Security Issues, Iet, pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1049/etr, Sep. 2014.
[10] Autodesk, Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design, Autodesk White Paper, pp. 1–13, 2003.
[11] H.S. Cha, DG. Lee, A case study of time/cost analysis for aged-housing renovation using a pre-made BIM database structure, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(4), pp. 841–852. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-0617-1, May. 2015.
[12] A. GhaffarianHoseini, T. Zhang, O. Nwadigo, A. H. GhaffarianHoseini, N. Naismith, J. Tookey, and K. Raahemifar, Application of nD BIM Integrated Knowledge-based Building Management System (BIM-IKBMS) for inspecting post-construction energy efficiency, 72(February), pp. 935–949. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.061, May. 2017.
[13] M. Jung, C. Reinisch, and W. Kastner, Integrating Building Automation Systems and IPv6 in the Internet of Things, 2012 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE, pp. 683–688. doi: 10.1109/IMIS.2012.134, Jul. 2012.
[14] A. Bosch, L. Volker, and A. Koutamanis, A. 2015. BIM in the operations stage: bottlenecks and implications for owners, 5(3), pp. 331–343. doi: 10.1108/BEPAM-03-2014-0017, Jul. 2015.
[15] A. Romigh, J. Kim, and A. Sattineni, 4D Scheduling: A Visualization Tool for Construction Field Operations, pp. 395–404, 2017
[16] F. Tao, Y. Zuo, L. Da. Xu, and L. Zhang, IoT-Based Intelligent Perception and Access of Manufacturing Resource Toward Cloud, 10(2), pp. 1547–1557, Feb. 2014.
[17] K. Ding, H. Shi, J. Hui, Y. Liu, B. Zhu, F. Zhang, and W. Cao, Smart steel bridge construction enabled by BIM and Internet of Things in industry 4.0: A framework, 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/ICNSC.2018.8361339, Mar. 2018.
[18] F. Tao, Q. Qi, New IT Driven Service-Oriented Smart Manufacturing: Framework and Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. IEEE, 49(1), pp. 81–91. doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2017.2723764, Jul. 2017.
[19] A. Guerriero, S. Kubicki, F. Berroir, and C. Lemaire, BIM-enhanced Collaborative Smart Technologies for LEAN Construction Processes, pp. 1023–1030, Jun.2017.
[20] Synchronicity-iot.eu. Synchronicity, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://synchronicity-iot.eu/ (Accessed 6 Sep. 2019).
[21] Imec-int.com. imec - city of things, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://www.imec-int.com/en/cityofthings (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[22] Antwerpen.digipolis.be.Digipolis Antwerpen, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://antwerpen.digipolis.be/en/blog/2fac1bf7-eeee-432b-9a93-dad32bbb2002 (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[23] IEM. IEM - Innovative parking solutions for smart cities: Parking meters, 2019. (Online) Available at: http://www.iemgroup.com/ (Accessed 16 Aug. 2019).
[24] Digitransit. Digitransit, 2019. (Online) Available at: https://digitransit.fi/en (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[25] CityVerve. CityVerve Manchester | Manchester’s Smart City Demonstrator, 2019. (Online) Available at: http://www.cityverve.org.uk (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[26] M. Fazio, A. Celesti, F.G. Marquez,A. Glikson, M. Villari, Exploiting the FIWARE Cloud Platform to Develop a Remote Patient Monitoring System, pp. 264–270. doi: 10.1109/ISCC.2015.7405526, Jul. 2015.
[27] International, M. Mandat International, welcome centre NGO UN international conference information Geneva, 2019. (Online) Mandint.org. Available at: https://www.mandint.org/ (Accessed 6 Aug. 2019).
[28] P.T. Kirstein, A. Ruiz-Zafra, Use of Templates and The Handle for Large-Scale Provision of Security and IoT in the Built Environment, pp. 1–10, 2018.
[29] S. Haag, R. Anderl, Digital twin – Proof of concept. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 15, pp. 64–66. doi: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.02.006, Jan. 2018.
[30] E. Negri, L. Fumagalli, M. Macchi, A review of the roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based production systems. The Author(s), 11(June), pp. 939–948. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.198, Jan. 2017.
[31] M. Abramovici, J.C. Göbel, H.B. Dang, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology Semantic data management for the development and continuous reconfiguration of smart products and systems, 65, pp. 185–188, Jan.2016.
[32] J. Green, Cisco, The internet of things reference model, In Internet of Things World Forum, Cisco White Paper, pp. 1–12, June. 2014.
[33] F.H. Abanda, J.H.M. Tah, R. Keivani, Expert Systems with Applications Trends in built environment semantic Web applications: Where are we today?, Expert Systems With Applications. Elsevier Ltd, 40(14), pp. 5563–5577. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.04.027, Oct.2013.
[34] F. Ameri, L. Patil, Digital manufacturing market: a semantic web-based framework for agile supply chain deployment, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, pp. 1817–1832. doi: 10.1007/s10845-010-0495-z, Oct.2012.
[35] Z. Wang, J. Sun, and D. Hutchison, Semantic Technology, 2016.
[36] O. Bodenreider, R. Stevens, Bio-ontologies: current trends and future directions, 7(3), pp. 256–274. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbl027, Sep.2006.
[37] Q. Rajput, S. Haider, Procedia Computer A comparison of ontology-based and reference-set-based semantic annotation frameworks, Procedia Computer Science. Elsevier, 3, pp. 1535–1540. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.01.045, Jan.2011.
[38] H. Boyes, and the Built Environment, IT Professional. IEEE, 17, pp. 25–31. doi: 10.1109/MITP.2015.49, Jan.2015.
[39] D.G. Photovoltaics, E.Storage, Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 Sponsored by the, 2011.
[40] S. Howell, Y. Rezgui, JL. Hippolyte, B. Jayan, B. Jayan, and H. Li, Towards the next generation of smart grids: Semantic and holonic multi- agent management of distributed energy resources, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd, 77(March), pp. 193–214. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.107, Sep.2017.
[41] M. Hogan, B. Piccarreta, and Interagency International Cybersecurity Standardization Working Group. Interagency report on status of international cybersecurity standardization for the Internet of Things (IoT) (No. NIST Internal or Interagency Report (NISTIR) 8200 (Draft)). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Feb. 2018.
[42] S.C. BSI, PAS 1192-5: 2015 A specification for security-minded building information modelling, digital built environments and smart asset management, 2015.
[43] M. Eckhart, A. Ekelhart, Towards Security-Aware Virtual Environments for Digital Twins, pp. 61–72, May.2018.
[44] S. Sridhar, A. Hahn, and M. Govindarasu, Cyber – Physical System Security for the Electric Power Grid, Proceedings of the IEEE. IEEE, 100(1), pp. 210–224. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2165269, Oct.2011.
[45] A. Perrig, J. Stankovic, and D. Wagner, Security in wireless sensor networks, Jan.2004.
[46] A. Perrig, R. Szewczyk, J.D. Tygar, V. Wen, and D.E. Culler, SPINS : Security Protocols for Sensor Networks, pp. 521–534, Sep. 2002.
[47] B. Parno, M. Luk, E. Gaustad, A. Perrig, Secure Sensor Network Routing: A Clean-Slate Approach, Dec. 2006.
[48] M. Luk, G. Mezzour, A. Perrig, and V. Gligor, MiniSec : A Secure Sensor Network Communication Architecture CBC-enCrypton , eq andly, pp. 479–488, Apr. 2007.
[49] R.J. Turk, Cyber Incidents Involving Control Systems, (No. INL/EXT-05-00671). Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Oct.2005.
[50] R. Mitchell, I.R. Chen, A Survey of Intrusion Detection Techniques for Cyber-Physical Systems, 46(4), Mar.2014.
[51] YL. Huang, A.A. Cárdenas, S. Amin, ZS. Lin, H-Y. Tsai, and S. Sastry, Understanding the physical and economic consequences of attacks on control systems, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Elsevier B.V., 2(3), pp. 73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2009.06.001, Oct. 2009.
[52] S. Tang, D.R. Shelden, C.M. Eastman, P. Pishdad-Bozorgi, and X. Gao, Automation in Construction A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends, Automation in Construction. Elsevier, 101(January), pp. 127–139. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.020, May. 2019.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:80446", author = "Kaznah Alshammari and Thomas Beach and Yacine Rezgui", title = "Cybersecurity for Digital Twins in the Built Environment: Research Landscape, Industry Attitudes and Future Direction", abstract = "Technological advances in the construction sector are helping to make smart cities a reality by means of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). CPS integrate information and the physical world through the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT). An increasingly common goal in the built environment is to integrate Building Information Models (BIM) with Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor technologies using CPS. Future advances could see the adoption of digital twins, creating new opportunities for CPS using monitoring, simulation and optimisation technologies. However, researchers often fail to fully consider the security implications. To date, it is not widely possible to assimilate BIM data and cybersecurity concepts and, therefore, security has thus far been overlooked. This paper reviews the empirical literature concerning IoT applications in the built environment and discusses real-world applications of the IoT intended to enhance construction practices, people’s lives and bolster cybersecurity. Specifically, this research addresses two research questions: (a) How suitable are the current IoT and CPS security stacks to address the cybersecurity threats facing digital twins in the context of smart buildings and districts? and (b) What are the current obstacles to tackling cybersecurity threats to the built environment CPS? To answer these questions, this paper reviews the current state-of-the-art research concerning digital twins in the built environment, the IoT, BIM, urban cities and cybersecurity. The results of the findings of this study confirmed the importance of using digital twins in both IoT and BIM. Also, eight reference zones across Europe have gained special recognition for their contributions to the advancement of IoT science. Therefore, this paper evaluates the use of digital twins in CPS to arrive at recommendations for expanding BIM specifications to facilitate IoT compliance, bolster cybersecurity and integrate digital twin and city standards in the smart cities of the future.", keywords = "BIM, cybersecurity, digital twins, IoT, urban cities.", volume = "15", number = "8", pages = "262-6", }
