Comparison of The Fertilizer Properties of Ash Fractions from Medium-Sized (32 MW) and Small-Sized (6 MW) Municipal District Heating Plants
Due to the low heavy metal concentrations, the
bottom ash from a 32 MW municipal district heating plant was
determined to be a potential forest fertilizer as such. However,
additional Ca would be needed, because its Ca concentration of 1.9-
% (d.w.) was lower than the statutory Finnish minimum limit value
of 6.0-% (d.w.) for Ca in forest fertilizer. Due to the elevated As
concentration (53.0 mg/kg; d.w.) in the fly ash from the 32 MW
municipal district heating plant, and Cr concentration (620 mg/kg;
d.w.) in the ash fraction (i.e. mixture of the bottom ash and fly ash)
from the 6 MW municipal district heating plant, which exceed the
limit values of 30 mg/kg (d.w.) and 300 mg/kg (d.w.) for As and Cr,
respectively, these residues are not suitable as forest fertilizers.
Although these ash fractions cannot be used as a forest fertilizer as
such, they can be used for the landscaping of landfills or in industrial
and other areas that are closed to the public. However, an
environmental permit is then needed.
[1] W.R. Livingston, "Biomass ash characteristics and behaviour in
combustion, gasification and pyrolysis systems," in Report No.
34/07/005, Issue No 1, 20th February 2007. Doosan Babcock Energy
Limited 2007, pp. 69, 2007.
[2] The European Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the
landfill of waste. Official J. Eur. Comm. L., vol. 182, pp. 0001-0019,
1999.
[3] H. Yoshida, K. Shimamura, and H. Alzawa, "3R strategies for the
establishment of an international sound material-cycles society", J.
Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., vol. 9, pp. 101-111, 2007.
[4] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista annetun maaja
mets├ñtalousministeriön asetuksen 12/07 muuttamisesta. Asetus nro.
9/99, 31.3.2009 (in Finnish).
[5] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista annetun maaja
mets├ñtalousministeriön asetuksen 12/07 muuttamisesta. Asetus nro.
19/09, 29.7.2009 (in Finnish).
[6] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista. Asetus nro.
12/07, 13.2.2007 (in Finnish).
[7] Lannoitevalmistelaki nro. 539/2006 (in Finnish).
[8] N. Haglund, "Guidelines for classification of ash from solid biofuels and
peat utilised for recycling and fertilizing in forestry and agriculture," in
NT Technical Report TR 613, Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway,
pp. 1-23, 2008.
[9] R. Pöykiö, H. Nurmesniemi, and R.L. Keiski, "Heavy metals in flue gas
cleaning residue", Environ. Chem. Lett., Vol. 8, pp. 295-300, 2010.
[10] R. W. Gerlach, D.E. Dobb, G.A. Raab, and J.M. Nocerino, "Gy
sampling theory in environmental studies. 1. Assessing soil splitting
protocols", J. Chemom., vol. 16, pp. 321-328, 2002.
[11] R. Pöykiö, H. Rönkköm├ñki, H. Nurmesniemi, P. Per├ñm├ñki, K. Popov, I.
Välimäki, and T. Tuomi, "Chemical and physical properties of cyclone
fly ash from the grate-fired boiler incinerating forest residues at a small
municipal district heating plant (6 MW)", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 162,
pp. 1059-1064, 2009.
[12] Finnish Standards Association. Technical Speciation CEN/TS 15105,
"Solid biofuels - Method for determination of the water soluble content
of chloride, sodium and potassium", Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1-10, 2005.
[13] ASTM (The American Society for Testing and Materials). Standard test
method for major and trace elements in limestone and lime by
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP) and
Atomic Absorption (AAS). Designation C 1301-95, West
Conshohocken. United States.
[14] B.M. Steenari, and O. Lindqvist, "Fly ash characteristics in cocombustion
of wood with coal, oil or peat", Fuel, vol. 78, pp. 479-488,
1999.
[15] G.S. Humphreys, D.M. Raven, and R.J. Field, "Wood-ash stone in
Angophora costata (Gaertn.) J. Britt. following Sydney bushfires", Aust.
For., vol. 67, pp. 39-43, 2004.
[16] E. Álvarez-Ayuso, X. Querol, and A. Tomás, "Environmental impact of
a coal combustion-desulphurisation plant: Abetement capacity of
desulphurization process and environmental characterisation of
combustion by-products", Chemosphere, vol. 65, pp. 2009-2017, 2006.
[17] T. Lind, T. Valmari, E.I. Kauppinen, G. Sfiris, K. Nilsson, W. Maenhaut,
"Volatization of the heavy metals during circulating fluidized bed
combustion of forest residue", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 33, pp. 496-
502, 1999.
[1] W.R. Livingston, "Biomass ash characteristics and behaviour in
combustion, gasification and pyrolysis systems," in Report No.
34/07/005, Issue No 1, 20th February 2007. Doosan Babcock Energy
Limited 2007, pp. 69, 2007.
[2] The European Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the
landfill of waste. Official J. Eur. Comm. L., vol. 182, pp. 0001-0019,
1999.
[3] H. Yoshida, K. Shimamura, and H. Alzawa, "3R strategies for the
establishment of an international sound material-cycles society", J.
Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., vol. 9, pp. 101-111, 2007.
[4] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista annetun maaja
mets├ñtalousministeriön asetuksen 12/07 muuttamisesta. Asetus nro.
9/99, 31.3.2009 (in Finnish).
[5] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista annetun maaja
mets├ñtalousministeriön asetuksen 12/07 muuttamisesta. Asetus nro.
19/09, 29.7.2009 (in Finnish).
[6] Maa- ja mets├ñtalousministeriön asetus lannoitevalmisteista. Asetus nro.
12/07, 13.2.2007 (in Finnish).
[7] Lannoitevalmistelaki nro. 539/2006 (in Finnish).
[8] N. Haglund, "Guidelines for classification of ash from solid biofuels and
peat utilised for recycling and fertilizing in forestry and agriculture," in
NT Technical Report TR 613, Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway,
pp. 1-23, 2008.
[9] R. Pöykiö, H. Nurmesniemi, and R.L. Keiski, "Heavy metals in flue gas
cleaning residue", Environ. Chem. Lett., Vol. 8, pp. 295-300, 2010.
[10] R. W. Gerlach, D.E. Dobb, G.A. Raab, and J.M. Nocerino, "Gy
sampling theory in environmental studies. 1. Assessing soil splitting
protocols", J. Chemom., vol. 16, pp. 321-328, 2002.
[11] R. Pöykiö, H. Rönkköm├ñki, H. Nurmesniemi, P. Per├ñm├ñki, K. Popov, I.
Välimäki, and T. Tuomi, "Chemical and physical properties of cyclone
fly ash from the grate-fired boiler incinerating forest residues at a small
municipal district heating plant (6 MW)", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 162,
pp. 1059-1064, 2009.
[12] Finnish Standards Association. Technical Speciation CEN/TS 15105,
"Solid biofuels - Method for determination of the water soluble content
of chloride, sodium and potassium", Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1-10, 2005.
[13] ASTM (The American Society for Testing and Materials). Standard test
method for major and trace elements in limestone and lime by
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP) and
Atomic Absorption (AAS). Designation C 1301-95, West
Conshohocken. United States.
[14] B.M. Steenari, and O. Lindqvist, "Fly ash characteristics in cocombustion
of wood with coal, oil or peat", Fuel, vol. 78, pp. 479-488,
1999.
[15] G.S. Humphreys, D.M. Raven, and R.J. Field, "Wood-ash stone in
Angophora costata (Gaertn.) J. Britt. following Sydney bushfires", Aust.
For., vol. 67, pp. 39-43, 2004.
[16] E. Álvarez-Ayuso, X. Querol, and A. Tomás, "Environmental impact of
a coal combustion-desulphurisation plant: Abetement capacity of
desulphurization process and environmental characterisation of
combustion by-products", Chemosphere, vol. 65, pp. 2009-2017, 2006.
[17] T. Lind, T. Valmari, E.I. Kauppinen, G. Sfiris, K. Nilsson, W. Maenhaut,
"Volatization of the heavy metals during circulating fluidized bed
combustion of forest residue", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 33, pp. 496-
502, 1999.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:60227", author = "Hannu Nurmesniemi and Mikko Mäkelä and Risto Pöykiö and Olli Dahl", title = "Comparison of The Fertilizer Properties of Ash Fractions from Medium-Sized (32 MW) and Small-Sized (6 MW) Municipal District Heating Plants", abstract = "Due to the low heavy metal concentrations, the
bottom ash from a 32 MW municipal district heating plant was
determined to be a potential forest fertilizer as such. However,
additional Ca would be needed, because its Ca concentration of 1.9-
% (d.w.) was lower than the statutory Finnish minimum limit value
of 6.0-% (d.w.) for Ca in forest fertilizer. Due to the elevated As
concentration (53.0 mg/kg; d.w.) in the fly ash from the 32 MW
municipal district heating plant, and Cr concentration (620 mg/kg;
d.w.) in the ash fraction (i.e. mixture of the bottom ash and fly ash)
from the 6 MW municipal district heating plant, which exceed the
limit values of 30 mg/kg (d.w.) and 300 mg/kg (d.w.) for As and Cr,
respectively, these residues are not suitable as forest fertilizers.
Although these ash fractions cannot be used as a forest fertilizer as
such, they can be used for the landscaping of landfills or in industrial
and other areas that are closed to the public. However, an
environmental permit is then needed.", keywords = "Ash, fertilizer, peat, forest residue, waste", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "233-5", }
