Biological Methods to Control Parasitic Weed Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel in the Field Tomato Crop
Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel is a root holoparasitic weed plant of many cultivations, particularly of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) crop. In Italy, Phelipanche problem is increasing, both in density and in acreage. The biological control of this parasitic weed involves the use of living organisms as numerous fungi and bacteria that can infect the parasitic weed, while it may improve the crop growth. This paper deals with the biocontrol with microorganism, including Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and fungal pathogens as Fusarium oxisporum spp. Colonization of crop roots by AM fungi can provide protection of crops against parasitic weeds because of a reduction in their seed germination and attachment, while F. oxisporum, isolated from diseased broomrape tubercles, proved to be highly virulent on P. ramosa. The experimental trial was carried out in open field at Foggia province (Apulia Region, Southern Italy), during the spring-summer season 2016, in order to evaluate the effect of four biological treatments: AM fungi and Fusarium oxisporum applied in the soil alone or combined together, and Rizosum Max® product, compared with the untreated control, to reduce the P. ramosa infestation in processing tomato crop. The principal results to be drawn from this study under field condition, in contrast of those reported previously under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, show that both AM fungi and F. oxisporum do not provide the reduction of the number of emerged shoots of P. ramosa. This can arise probably from the low efficacy seedling of the agent pathogens for the control of this parasite in the field. On the contrary, the Rizosum Max® product, containing AM fungi and some rizophere bacteria combined with several minerals and organic substances, appears to be most effective for the reduction of P. ramosa infestation.
[1] C. Parker, C. Riches, 1993. Parasitic weeds of the world. Biology and control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
[2] S. Habimana, K.N.K. Murthy, V. Hatti, A. Nduwumuremyi, 2013. Menagement of Orobanche in field crops. A review. Sci. J. Crop Sci., 2, 144-158.
[3] G. Disciglio, F. Lops, A. Carlucci A., G. Gatta, A. Tarantino, L. Frabboni, F. Carriero, E. Tarantino, 2016. Effects of different methods to control the parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel in processing tomato crops. Italian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 11:681, 39-46.
[4] E. Dor E., A. Evidente, C. Amalfitano, D. Agrelli, J. Hershenhorn, 2007. The influence of growth condition on biomass, toxins and pathogenicity of Fusarium oxisporum f. sp. orthoceras a potential agent for broomrape control. Weed Res., 47, 345-352.
[5] D. M. Joel, J. Hershenhorn, H. Eizenberg, R. Aly, G. Ejeta, J.P. Rich, J.K Ransom. J. Sauborn, D. Müller-Stöver, J. Hershenhorn , 2007. The role of biological conttol in managing paratic weeds. Crop Prot., 26, 246-254.
[6] J. Sauerborn, D. Müller-Stöver, 2007. The role the germination Orobanche seeds at a wide range of alternating and costant temperatures. Ann. Bot., 84, 549-557.
[7] A. SchùBer, D. Schwarzott, & C. Walker, 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromyceta: phylogeny y and evolution. Mycological Research, 105, 1414-1421.
[8] M. F. Allen, 1996. The ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas: a look back into the 21 st. Mycological Research 100, 769-782.
[9] V. W. Lendzemo, T.W. Kuyperb, M.J. Kropff, A. van Ast, 2005. Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Stringa hermonthica performance on cereal crops and has the potential to contribute to integrated Stringa management. Field Crops Res., 91, 51-61.
[10] V. W. Lendzemo, T.W. Kuyperb, R. Matusova, H.J., Bouwmeester, A. van Ast, 2007. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sorghum leads to reduced germination and subsequent attachment and emergence of Stringa hermonthica. Plant Signal Behav, 2, 28-62.
[11] M. Fernandez-Aparicio, J.M. Garcia-Garrido, J.A Ocampo, D. Rubiales, 2010. Colonization of field pea root by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. Weed Res., 50, 262-268.
[12] A Boari, M. Vurro, 2004. Evaluation of Fusarium spp. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Biol. Control, 30, 212-219.
[13] J. F. Leslie, B.A. Summerell, 2006.Fusarium laboratory manual. First edition. Blackwell, Ames, IA, p. 388.
[14] M. Nemat Alla, Y. Shabana, M. Serag, N. Hassan, M. El-Hawary, 2008. Granular formulation of Fusarium oxisporum for biological control of faba bean and tomato Orobanche. Pest Manag. Sci., 1237-1249.
[15] E. Kohlschmid, J. Sauerborn, D. Müller-Stöver, 2009. Impact of Fusarium oxisporum on the holoparasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa: biocontrol efficacy under field-grown condition. Weed Res 49 (Suppl 1), 56-65.
[16] AOAC, 1990. Official method of analysis (No 934, 06). Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Washington, DC, USA.
[17] F. J. Francis, F.M. Clydesdale, 1975. Food colorimetry: theory and applications. AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT. pp. 477.
[18] F. Favati, S. Lovessi, F. Galgano, V. Miccolis, T. Di Tommaso, V. Candido, 2009. Processing tomato quality as affected by irrigation schedulino. Sci. Hortic. 122, 562-571.
[19] K. Yoneyama, X. Xie, Y. Yoneyama, Y. Takeuchi, 2009. Strigolactones: structures and biological activities. Pest. Management Science, 65, 467-470.
[20] M. Fernandez-Aparicio, F. Flores F., D. Rubiales, 2009. Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broompare (Orobancheand Phelipanche) species. Annals of Botany, 103, 423-431.
[21] Y. El-Halmouch, P. Thalouam, 2006. Effect of root exudates from different tomato genotypes on broomrape (O. aegyptiaca) seed germination and tubercle development. Crop Prot., 25, 501-507.
[22] J. A. Lopez-Ráez, R. Matusova, C. Cardoso, M., Jamil, T. Charnikhova W. Kohlen, C. Ruyter-Spira, F. Verstappen, H. Bouwmeester, 2009. Stigolactones: ecological significance and use as a target for parasitic plant control. Pest. Manag. Sci, 65, 471-477.
[23] X. Xie, D. Kusumoto, Y. Takeuchi, K. Yoneyama, Y., Yamada, K. Yoneyama, 2007. 2’-Epi-orobanchol and solanacol, two unique strigolactones, germination stimulants for root parasitic weeds, produced by tobacco. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55-8067-8072.
[1] C. Parker, C. Riches, 1993. Parasitic weeds of the world. Biology and control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
[2] S. Habimana, K.N.K. Murthy, V. Hatti, A. Nduwumuremyi, 2013. Menagement of Orobanche in field crops. A review. Sci. J. Crop Sci., 2, 144-158.
[3] G. Disciglio, F. Lops, A. Carlucci A., G. Gatta, A. Tarantino, L. Frabboni, F. Carriero, E. Tarantino, 2016. Effects of different methods to control the parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel in processing tomato crops. Italian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 11:681, 39-46.
[4] E. Dor E., A. Evidente, C. Amalfitano, D. Agrelli, J. Hershenhorn, 2007. The influence of growth condition on biomass, toxins and pathogenicity of Fusarium oxisporum f. sp. orthoceras a potential agent for broomrape control. Weed Res., 47, 345-352.
[5] D. M. Joel, J. Hershenhorn, H. Eizenberg, R. Aly, G. Ejeta, J.P. Rich, J.K Ransom. J. Sauborn, D. Müller-Stöver, J. Hershenhorn , 2007. The role of biological conttol in managing paratic weeds. Crop Prot., 26, 246-254.
[6] J. Sauerborn, D. Müller-Stöver, 2007. The role the germination Orobanche seeds at a wide range of alternating and costant temperatures. Ann. Bot., 84, 549-557.
[7] A. SchùBer, D. Schwarzott, & C. Walker, 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromyceta: phylogeny y and evolution. Mycological Research, 105, 1414-1421.
[8] M. F. Allen, 1996. The ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas: a look back into the 21 st. Mycological Research 100, 769-782.
[9] V. W. Lendzemo, T.W. Kuyperb, M.J. Kropff, A. van Ast, 2005. Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Stringa hermonthica performance on cereal crops and has the potential to contribute to integrated Stringa management. Field Crops Res., 91, 51-61.
[10] V. W. Lendzemo, T.W. Kuyperb, R. Matusova, H.J., Bouwmeester, A. van Ast, 2007. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sorghum leads to reduced germination and subsequent attachment and emergence of Stringa hermonthica. Plant Signal Behav, 2, 28-62.
[11] M. Fernandez-Aparicio, J.M. Garcia-Garrido, J.A Ocampo, D. Rubiales, 2010. Colonization of field pea root by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. Weed Res., 50, 262-268.
[12] A Boari, M. Vurro, 2004. Evaluation of Fusarium spp. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Biol. Control, 30, 212-219.
[13] J. F. Leslie, B.A. Summerell, 2006.Fusarium laboratory manual. First edition. Blackwell, Ames, IA, p. 388.
[14] M. Nemat Alla, Y. Shabana, M. Serag, N. Hassan, M. El-Hawary, 2008. Granular formulation of Fusarium oxisporum for biological control of faba bean and tomato Orobanche. Pest Manag. Sci., 1237-1249.
[15] E. Kohlschmid, J. Sauerborn, D. Müller-Stöver, 2009. Impact of Fusarium oxisporum on the holoparasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa: biocontrol efficacy under field-grown condition. Weed Res 49 (Suppl 1), 56-65.
[16] AOAC, 1990. Official method of analysis (No 934, 06). Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Washington, DC, USA.
[17] F. J. Francis, F.M. Clydesdale, 1975. Food colorimetry: theory and applications. AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT. pp. 477.
[18] F. Favati, S. Lovessi, F. Galgano, V. Miccolis, T. Di Tommaso, V. Candido, 2009. Processing tomato quality as affected by irrigation schedulino. Sci. Hortic. 122, 562-571.
[19] K. Yoneyama, X. Xie, Y. Yoneyama, Y. Takeuchi, 2009. Strigolactones: structures and biological activities. Pest. Management Science, 65, 467-470.
[20] M. Fernandez-Aparicio, F. Flores F., D. Rubiales, 2009. Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broompare (Orobancheand Phelipanche) species. Annals of Botany, 103, 423-431.
[21] Y. El-Halmouch, P. Thalouam, 2006. Effect of root exudates from different tomato genotypes on broomrape (O. aegyptiaca) seed germination and tubercle development. Crop Prot., 25, 501-507.
[22] J. A. Lopez-Ráez, R. Matusova, C. Cardoso, M., Jamil, T. Charnikhova W. Kohlen, C. Ruyter-Spira, F. Verstappen, H. Bouwmeester, 2009. Stigolactones: ecological significance and use as a target for parasitic plant control. Pest. Manag. Sci, 65, 471-477.
[23] X. Xie, D. Kusumoto, Y. Takeuchi, K. Yoneyama, Y., Yamada, K. Yoneyama, 2007. 2’-Epi-orobanchol and solanacol, two unique strigolactones, germination stimulants for root parasitic weeds, produced by tobacco. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55-8067-8072.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:75362", author = "F. Lops and G. Disciglio and A. Carlucci and G. Gatta and L. Frabboni and A. Tarantino and E. Tarantino", title = "Biological Methods to Control Parasitic Weed Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel in the Field Tomato Crop", abstract = "Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel is a root holoparasitic weed plant of many cultivations, particularly of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) crop. In Italy, Phelipanche problem is increasing, both in density and in acreage. The biological control of this parasitic weed involves the use of living organisms as numerous fungi and bacteria that can infect the parasitic weed, while it may improve the crop growth. This paper deals with the biocontrol with microorganism, including Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and fungal pathogens as Fusarium oxisporum spp. Colonization of crop roots by AM fungi can provide protection of crops against parasitic weeds because of a reduction in their seed germination and attachment, while F. oxisporum, isolated from diseased broomrape tubercles, proved to be highly virulent on P. ramosa. The experimental trial was carried out in open field at Foggia province (Apulia Region, Southern Italy), during the spring-summer season 2016, in order to evaluate the effect of four biological treatments: AM fungi and Fusarium oxisporum applied in the soil alone or combined together, and Rizosum Max® product, compared with the untreated control, to reduce the P. ramosa infestation in processing tomato crop. The principal results to be drawn from this study under field condition, in contrast of those reported previously under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, show that both AM fungi and F. oxisporum do not provide the reduction of the number of emerged shoots of P. ramosa. This can arise probably from the low efficacy seedling of the agent pathogens for the control of this parasite in the field. On the contrary, the Rizosum Max® product, containing AM fungi and some rizophere bacteria combined with several minerals and organic substances, appears to be most effective for the reduction of P. ramosa infestation.
", keywords = "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biocontrol methods, Phelipanche ramosa, F. oxisporum spp.", volume = "11", number = "3", pages = "264-4", }
