Application of Single Tuned Passive Filters in Distribution Networks at the Point of Common Coupling
The harmonic distortion of voltage is important in relation to power quality due to the interaction between the large diffusion of non-linear and time-varying single-phase and three-phase loads with power supply systems. However, harmonic distortion levels can be reduced by improving the design of polluting loads or by applying arrangements and adding filters. The application of passive filters is an effective solution that can be used to achieve harmonic mitigation mainly because filters offer high efficiency, simplicity, and are economical. Additionally, possible different frequency response characteristics can work to achieve certain required harmonic filtering targets. With these ideas in mind, the objective of this paper is to determine what size single tuned passive filters work in distribution networks best, in order to economically limit violations caused at a given point of common coupling (PCC). This article suggests that a single tuned passive filter could be employed in typical industrial power systems. Furthermore, constrained optimization can be used to find the optimal sizing of the passive filter in order to reduce both harmonic voltage and harmonic currents in the power system to an acceptable level, and, thus, improve the load power factor. The optimization technique works to minimize voltage total harmonic distortions (VTHD) and current total harmonic distortions (ITHD), where maintaining a given power factor at a specified range is desired. According to the IEEE Standard 519, both indices are viewed as constraints for the optimal passive filter design problem. The performance of this technique will be discussed using numerical examples taken from previous publications.
[1] V. Wagner, J. Balda, D. Griffith, A. McEachern, T. Barnes, D. Hartmann, D. Phileggi, A. Emannuel, W. Horton, W. Reid, R. Ferraro and W. Jewell, “Effects of harmonics on equipment,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 672–680, April 1993.
[2] P. Gnacinski, "Prediction of windings temperature rise in induction motors supplied with distorted voltage," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 707–717, Apr. 2008.
[3] I. M. El-Amin, S. O. Duffuaa, and A. U. Bawah, "Optimal shunt compensators at nonsinusoidal busbars," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 716–723, May 1995.
[4] F. Z. Peng, "Harmonic sources and filtering approaches," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 18–25, 2001.
[5] H. Akagi, E. H. Watanabe, and M. Aredes, Instantaneous power theory and applications to power conditioning. NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2007.
[6] M. Izhar, et al. "Performance for passive and active power filter in reducing harmonics in the distribution system." Power and Energy Conference, 2004. PECon 2004. Proceedings. National. IEEE, 2004.
[7] J. C. Das, "Passive filters - potentialities and limitations," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol.40, no., pp.232-241, Jan.-Feb. 2004.
[8] A. B. Nassif: W. Xu, W. Freitas, "An investigation on the selection of filter topologies for passive filter applications", IEEE Trans. On Power Deliv., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1710-1718, Jul. 2009.
[9] B. Badrzadeh, K. S. Smith, R. C. Wilson, "Designing passive harmonic filters for an aluminum smelting plant," IEEE Trans. On Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 973-983, Mar./Apr. 2011.
[10] A. Ghamri, M. T. Benchouia, A. Golea, "Sliding-mode control based three-phase shunt active power filter: simulation and experimentation", Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 383-398, Jan. 2012.
[11] N. Gupta, S. P. Singh, and R. C. Bansal, "A digital signal processor based performance evaluation of Three-phase Four-wire shunt active filter for harmonic elimination, Reactive power compensation, and balancing of non-linear loads under non-ideal mains voltages," Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1119–1148, Jul. 2012.
[12] K. M. Tsang, W. 1. Chan, Xin Tang, "Multi-level shunt active power filter using modular cascade H-bridge and delay firing", Electric Power Components and Systems, vol.41, no.6, pp. 605- 618, Apr.2013.
[13] M. lzhar, C.M. Hadzer, S. Masri and S. ldris, “A Study of the Fundamental Principles to Power System Harmonic” IEEE Nurionael Power Engineering Conference Proceedings, PECon 2003, pp, 225-232.
[14] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, W. H. Beaty, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[15] J. Ji, H. Liu, G. Zeng, "The Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Passive Power Filter Based on PSO." 2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2012.
[16] S.N. AL. Yousif, M. Z. C. Wanik, A Mohamed, "Implementation of Different Passive Filter Designs for Harmonic Mitigation," in Proc. Of National Power & Energy Conference (PECon) , Kuala Lumpur, pp. 229-234,2004.
[17] M. Ghiasi, V. Rashtchi, S.H. Hoseini, "Optimum location and sizing of passive filters in distribution networks using genetic algorithm." Emerging Technologies, 2008. ICET 2008. 4th International Conference on. IEEE, 2008.
[18] C. Duffey, R. Stratford, ‘Update of harmonic standard IEEE-519: IEEE recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1989, 25, (6), pp. 1025–1034.
[19] A.F. Zobaa, M.M. Abdel-Aziz, and S.H.E. Abdel Aleem, “Comparison of shunt-passive and series-passive filters for DC drive loads,” Electric Power Components & Systems, vol. 38, pp. 275–291, March 2010.
[20] M.Z. El-Sadek, G. Shabib, M.R. Gallab, “Criteria for Dividing Capacitors Among Shunt Harmonic Filters for Large Harmonic Sources”, The International Conf. on Electrical, Electronic and Computer Eng, ICEEC’04, Cairo, Egypt, Sept.5-7, 2004, pp. 845-848.
[21] S.H.E. Abdel Aleem, A.F. Zobaa and M.M. Abdel Aziz, “Optimal CType Passive Filter Based on Minimization of the Voltage Harmonic Distortion for Nonlinear Loads,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, pp. 281–289, January 2012.
[22] M.M. Abdel Aziz, E.E. Abou El-Zahab, and G.A. Abdel Salam, “New techniques of the passive filter design in industrial applications: a-case study,” in 9th Int. Middle-East Power Systems Conf., MEPCON’03, Shebin-Elkom, Egypt, Dec. 16–18, 2003, pp. 769–780.
[23] M.M. Abdel Aziz, E.E. Abou El-Zahab, and A.F. Zobaa, “LC compensators based on cost minimization for nonlinear loads,” 2003 Large Engineering Systems Conf. Power Engineering, LESCOPE’03, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 7–9, 2003, pp. 143–147.
[24] M. Ertay, S. Tosun, A. Zengin, "Simulated annealing based passive power filter design for a medium voltage power system." Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), 2012 International Symposium on. IEEE, 2012.
[25] F. C. De La Rosa, “Harmonics and power systems”,Taylor & Francis, LLC, Missouri, U.S.A. 2006.
[26] EEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519-2014, 2014.
[27] IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519–1992, 1992.
[28] M. M. AbdelAziz, E. E. AbouEl-Zahab, A. M. Ibrahim, and A. F. Zobaa, "LC Compensators for power Factor Correction of Nonlinear loads," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 331–336, Jan. 2004
[29] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Standard 18-2012, 2012
[1] V. Wagner, J. Balda, D. Griffith, A. McEachern, T. Barnes, D. Hartmann, D. Phileggi, A. Emannuel, W. Horton, W. Reid, R. Ferraro and W. Jewell, “Effects of harmonics on equipment,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 672–680, April 1993.
[2] P. Gnacinski, "Prediction of windings temperature rise in induction motors supplied with distorted voltage," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 707–717, Apr. 2008.
[3] I. M. El-Amin, S. O. Duffuaa, and A. U. Bawah, "Optimal shunt compensators at nonsinusoidal busbars," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 716–723, May 1995.
[4] F. Z. Peng, "Harmonic sources and filtering approaches," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 18–25, 2001.
[5] H. Akagi, E. H. Watanabe, and M. Aredes, Instantaneous power theory and applications to power conditioning. NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2007.
[6] M. Izhar, et al. "Performance for passive and active power filter in reducing harmonics in the distribution system." Power and Energy Conference, 2004. PECon 2004. Proceedings. National. IEEE, 2004.
[7] J. C. Das, "Passive filters - potentialities and limitations," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol.40, no., pp.232-241, Jan.-Feb. 2004.
[8] A. B. Nassif: W. Xu, W. Freitas, "An investigation on the selection of filter topologies for passive filter applications", IEEE Trans. On Power Deliv., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1710-1718, Jul. 2009.
[9] B. Badrzadeh, K. S. Smith, R. C. Wilson, "Designing passive harmonic filters for an aluminum smelting plant," IEEE Trans. On Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 973-983, Mar./Apr. 2011.
[10] A. Ghamri, M. T. Benchouia, A. Golea, "Sliding-mode control based three-phase shunt active power filter: simulation and experimentation", Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 383-398, Jan. 2012.
[11] N. Gupta, S. P. Singh, and R. C. Bansal, "A digital signal processor based performance evaluation of Three-phase Four-wire shunt active filter for harmonic elimination, Reactive power compensation, and balancing of non-linear loads under non-ideal mains voltages," Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1119–1148, Jul. 2012.
[12] K. M. Tsang, W. 1. Chan, Xin Tang, "Multi-level shunt active power filter using modular cascade H-bridge and delay firing", Electric Power Components and Systems, vol.41, no.6, pp. 605- 618, Apr.2013.
[13] M. lzhar, C.M. Hadzer, S. Masri and S. ldris, “A Study of the Fundamental Principles to Power System Harmonic” IEEE Nurionael Power Engineering Conference Proceedings, PECon 2003, pp, 225-232.
[14] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, W. H. Beaty, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[15] J. Ji, H. Liu, G. Zeng, "The Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Passive Power Filter Based on PSO." 2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2012.
[16] S.N. AL. Yousif, M. Z. C. Wanik, A Mohamed, "Implementation of Different Passive Filter Designs for Harmonic Mitigation," in Proc. Of National Power & Energy Conference (PECon) , Kuala Lumpur, pp. 229-234,2004.
[17] M. Ghiasi, V. Rashtchi, S.H. Hoseini, "Optimum location and sizing of passive filters in distribution networks using genetic algorithm." Emerging Technologies, 2008. ICET 2008. 4th International Conference on. IEEE, 2008.
[18] C. Duffey, R. Stratford, ‘Update of harmonic standard IEEE-519: IEEE recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1989, 25, (6), pp. 1025–1034.
[19] A.F. Zobaa, M.M. Abdel-Aziz, and S.H.E. Abdel Aleem, “Comparison of shunt-passive and series-passive filters for DC drive loads,” Electric Power Components & Systems, vol. 38, pp. 275–291, March 2010.
[20] M.Z. El-Sadek, G. Shabib, M.R. Gallab, “Criteria for Dividing Capacitors Among Shunt Harmonic Filters for Large Harmonic Sources”, The International Conf. on Electrical, Electronic and Computer Eng, ICEEC’04, Cairo, Egypt, Sept.5-7, 2004, pp. 845-848.
[21] S.H.E. Abdel Aleem, A.F. Zobaa and M.M. Abdel Aziz, “Optimal CType Passive Filter Based on Minimization of the Voltage Harmonic Distortion for Nonlinear Loads,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, pp. 281–289, January 2012.
[22] M.M. Abdel Aziz, E.E. Abou El-Zahab, and G.A. Abdel Salam, “New techniques of the passive filter design in industrial applications: a-case study,” in 9th Int. Middle-East Power Systems Conf., MEPCON’03, Shebin-Elkom, Egypt, Dec. 16–18, 2003, pp. 769–780.
[23] M.M. Abdel Aziz, E.E. Abou El-Zahab, and A.F. Zobaa, “LC compensators based on cost minimization for nonlinear loads,” 2003 Large Engineering Systems Conf. Power Engineering, LESCOPE’03, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 7–9, 2003, pp. 143–147.
[24] M. Ertay, S. Tosun, A. Zengin, "Simulated annealing based passive power filter design for a medium voltage power system." Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), 2012 International Symposium on. IEEE, 2012.
[25] F. C. De La Rosa, “Harmonics and power systems”,Taylor & Francis, LLC, Missouri, U.S.A. 2006.
[26] EEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519-2014, 2014.
[27] IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519–1992, 1992.
[28] M. M. AbdelAziz, E. E. AbouEl-Zahab, A. M. Ibrahim, and A. F. Zobaa, "LC Compensators for power Factor Correction of Nonlinear loads," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 331–336, Jan. 2004
[29] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Standard 18-2012, 2012
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:74845", author = "M. Almutairi and S. Hadjiloucas", title = "Application of Single Tuned Passive Filters in Distribution Networks at the Point of Common Coupling", abstract = "The harmonic distortion of voltage is important in relation to power quality due to the interaction between the large diffusion of non-linear and time-varying single-phase and three-phase loads with power supply systems. However, harmonic distortion levels can be reduced by improving the design of polluting loads or by applying arrangements and adding filters. The application of passive filters is an effective solution that can be used to achieve harmonic mitigation mainly because filters offer high efficiency, simplicity, and are economical. Additionally, possible different frequency response characteristics can work to achieve certain required harmonic filtering targets. With these ideas in mind, the objective of this paper is to determine what size single tuned passive filters work in distribution networks best, in order to economically limit violations caused at a given point of common coupling (PCC). This article suggests that a single tuned passive filter could be employed in typical industrial power systems. Furthermore, constrained optimization can be used to find the optimal sizing of the passive filter in order to reduce both harmonic voltage and harmonic currents in the power system to an acceptable level, and, thus, improve the load power factor. The optimization technique works to minimize voltage total harmonic distortions (VTHD) and current total harmonic distortions (ITHD), where maintaining a given power factor at a specified range is desired. According to the IEEE Standard 519, both indices are viewed as constraints for the optimal passive filter design problem. The performance of this technique will be discussed using numerical examples taken from previous publications.
", keywords = "Harmonics, passive filter, power factor, power quality. ", volume = "11", number = "2", pages = "177-6", }
