Antimicrobial, Antiplasmid and Cytotoxicity Potentials of Marine Algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme Collected from Red Sea Coast
The antimicrobial, antiplasmid and cytotoxic activities of marine algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme were investigated. Antimicrobial bioassay against some human pathogenic bacteria and yeast were conducted using disc diffusion method. Halimeda extract exhibited antibacterial activity against six species of microrganisms, with significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. While Sarconema extract was better potent as antifungal against Candida albicans. Comparative antibacterial studies showed that Halimeda extract showed equivalent or better activity as compared with commercial antibiotic when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Further tests conducted using dilution method showed both extracts as having bacteriostatic mode of action against the tested microorganisms. Methanol extract of two species showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 <500μg) on brine shrimp. Halimeda opuntia showed highest cytotoxic activity (LC50 =192.3μg). Also, the present investigation was undertaken to investigate the ability of methanolic extract of the algal extracts to cure R-plasmids from certain clinical E. coli isolates. The active fraction of Halimeda and Sarconema could cure plasmids from E. coli at curing efficiencies of approximately 78%. The active fraction mediated plasmid curing resulted in the subsequent loss of antibiotic resistance encoded in the plasmids as revealed by antibiotic resistance profile of cured strains. The screening results confirm the possible use of marine algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme as a source of pharmacological benefits.
[1] H. C. Shin, H. J. Hwang, K. J. Kang and B. H. Lee, "An antioxidative
and antiinflammatory agent for potential treatment of osteoarthritis from
Ecklonia cava," Arch. Pharm. Res., 2006, vol. 29, pp. 165-171.
[2] Y. V. Yuan and N. A. Walsh, "Antioxidant and antiproliferative
activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds," Food Chem.
Toxicol., 2006, vol. 44, pp. 1144-1150.
[3] A. Bocanegra, S. Bastida, J. Benedi, S. Rodenas and F. J. Sanchez-
Muniz, "Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health
properties of seaweeds," J. Med. Food., 2009, vol. 12, pp. 236-258.
[4] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural
products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol. 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[5] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, V. U. Ahmad, "Hypolipidaemic activity of
seaweed from Karachi Coast," Phytother. Res., 2002, vol. 16, pp. 479-
483.
[6] K. E. Saker, J. H. Fike, H. Veit and D. L. Ward, "Brown seaweed-
(Tasco) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and
immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs," J. Anim. Physiol.
Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 2004, vol. 88, pp. 122-130.
[7] E. J. Lee and M. K. Sung, "Chemoprevention of azoxymethane induced
rat colon carcinogenesis by seatangle, a fiber-rich seaweed," Plant
Foods Human Nutr., 2003, vol. 58, pp. 1-8.
[8] M. Nakai, N. Kageyama, K. Nakahara and W. Miki, "Phlorotannins as
radical scavengers from the extract of Sargassum ringgoldianum," Mar.
Biotechnol., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 409-14.
[9] M. Fayaz, K. K. Namitha, K. N. C. Murthy, R. Sarada, S. Khanam, P.
V. Subbarao and G. A. Ravishankar, "Chemical composition, iron
bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezzi
(Doty) ," J. Agric. Food. Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 792-797.
[10] R. F. Dutra, P. R. Crespo, K. M. A. Coelho and T. V. Laneuville,
"Produtos naturais de algas marinhas e seu potencial antioxidante," Rev.
Bras. Farmacogn., 2007, vol. 17, pp. 631-639.
[11] J. M. Shick and W. C. Dunlap, "Mycosporines-like amino acids and
related gadusols: Biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective
functions in aquatic organisms," Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2002, vol. 64, pp.
223-262.
[12] K. M. Fisch, V. Böhm, A. D. Wright and G. M. König, "Antioxidative
meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita," J. Nat. Prod.,
2003, vol. 66, pp. 968-975.
[13] R. A. Lincoln, K. Strupinski and J. M. Walker, "Bioactive compounds
from algae," Life Chem. Rep., 1991, vol. 8, pp. 97-183.
[14] J.Y. Ang, E. Ezike and B. I. Asmar, "Antibacterial resistance," Indian J.
Pediatr. 2004, vol. 71, pp. 229-39.
[15] N. Motohashi, M. Kawase, S. Saito, C. Miskolci, L. Berek and J.
Molnár, "Plasmid elimination and immunomodulation by 3-
benzazepines in vitro," Anticancer Res., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 5075-5078.
[16] S. A. Selim, M. M. Hagazy and A. S. Amin, "Screening of biopotentials
and antibacterial activities of some fresh and marine Algae from Suez
Canal Region, Egypt," Acta Botanica Hungarica, 2006, vol. 48(1-2),
pp. 115-125.
[17] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance
standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Eleventh Informational
Supplement. Disk diffusion. M100-S 11. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, USA,
2001.
[18] N. M. Deshpande, P. K. Dhakephalkar and P. P. Kanekar, "Plasmid-24.
mediated dimethoate degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCMB-
427," Lett. App. Microbiol., 2001, vol. 33, pp. 275-9.
[19] J. L. McLaughlin, C. Chang and D. L. Smith, "Simple bench-top
bioassays (brine-shrimp and potato discs) for the discovery of plant
antitumour compounds. In: Human Medicinal Agents from Plants,"
(Eds.): A.D. Kinghorn & M.F. Balandrin. Washington DC: American
Chemical Society, 1993, pp. 112-137.
[20] D.J. Finney, "Probit Analysis," 3rd ed., Cambridge University press,
Cambridge, London, 1971.
[21] G. König and A. Wright, "Laurencia rigida: chemical investigations of
its antifouling dichloromethane extract," J. Nat. Prod., 1997, vol. 60,
pp. 967-970.
[22] L. R. Carvalho and N. F. Roque, "Fen├│is halogenados e/ou sulfatados de
macroalgas marinhas," Química Nova., 2000, vol. 23, pp. 757-764.
[23] C. S. Vairappan, M. Suzuki, T. Motomuraa and T. Ichimura,
"Pathogenic bacteria associated with lesions and thallus bleaching
symptoms in the Japanese kelp Laminaria religiosa Miyabe
(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)," Hydrobiologia, 2001, vol. 445, pp.
183-191
[24] K. G. Rosell and L. M.Srivastava, "Fatty acids as antimicrobial
substances in brown algae," Hydrobiologia, 1987, vol. 151/152, pp.
471-475.
[25] A. Bansemir, M. Blume, S. Schröder and U. Lindequist, "Screening of
cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic
bacteria," Aquaculture, 2006, vol. 252, pp. 79-84.
[26] R. Ely, T. Supriya and C. G. Naik, "Antimicrobial activity of marine
organisms collected off the coast of South East India," J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol., 2004, vol. 309, pp. 121-127.
[27] Y. Freile-Pelegrin and J. L.Morales, "Antibacterial activity in marine
algae from the coast of Yucatan," Mexico. Bot. Mar., 2004, vol. 47, pp.
140-146.
[28] V. M. V. S. Sastry and G. R. K. Rao, "Antibacterial substances from
marine algae: Successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and
methanol," Botanica Marina, 1994, vol. 37, pp. 357-360.
[29] B. Lustigman and C. Brown, "Antibiotic production by marine algae
isolated from the New York/New Jersey Coast," Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1991, vol. 46, pp. 329-
335.
[30] V. Vlachos, A. T. Critchley and A. von Holy, "Antimicrobial activity of
extracts from selected Southern African marine macroalgae," South
African Journal of Science, 1997, vol. 93, pp. 328-332.
[31] Y. Hirota, "The effect of acridine dyes on mating type factors in
Escherichia coli," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1960, vol. 46, pp. 57-64.
[32] T. Watanabe, H. Nishida, C. Ogata, T. Arai and S. Sato, "Episomemediated
transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae VII: Two
type of naturally occurring R factors," J. Bacteriol., 1964, vol. 88, pp.
716-26.
[33] V. V. Lakshmi, S. Padma and H. Polasa, "Elimination of multidrugresistant
plasmid in bacteria by plumbagin, a compound derived from a
plant," Curr. Microbiol., 1987, vol. 16, pp. 159-61.
[34] A. Z. Beg and I. Ahmad, "Effect of Plumbago Zeylinica extract and
certain curing agents on multidrug resistance bacteria of clinical origin,"
World J. Microb. Biotech., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 841-4.
[35] Z. Schelz, J. Molnar and J. Hohmann, "Antimicrobial and antiplasmid
activities of essential oils," Fitoterapia, 2006, vol. 77, pp. 279-85.
[36] A. Manilal, S. Sujith, G. S. Kiran, J. Selvin, C. Shakir, R. Gandhimathi
and M.V.N. Panikkar, "Bio-potentials of seaweeds collected from
Southwest coast of India," J. Mar. Sci. and Technol., 2009, vol. 17, pp.
67-73.
[37] M. V. Tillekeratne and F. J. Schimitz, "4,9-diacetoxyudoteal: Alinear
diterpene aldehyde from the green alga Halimeda opuntia,"
Phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 1331-1333.
[38] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and V.U. Ahmad,
"Biological activity of Spatoglossum asperum: A brown algae,"
Phytother. Res., 2005, vol. 19, pp. 618-623.
[39] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural
products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[40] R. C. Vinayak, A.S. Sabu and A. Chatterji, "Bioprospecting of a few
brown seaweed for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities," eCAM,
2010, pp. 1-9.
[1] H. C. Shin, H. J. Hwang, K. J. Kang and B. H. Lee, "An antioxidative
and antiinflammatory agent for potential treatment of osteoarthritis from
Ecklonia cava," Arch. Pharm. Res., 2006, vol. 29, pp. 165-171.
[2] Y. V. Yuan and N. A. Walsh, "Antioxidant and antiproliferative
activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds," Food Chem.
Toxicol., 2006, vol. 44, pp. 1144-1150.
[3] A. Bocanegra, S. Bastida, J. Benedi, S. Rodenas and F. J. Sanchez-
Muniz, "Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health
properties of seaweeds," J. Med. Food., 2009, vol. 12, pp. 236-258.
[4] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural
products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol. 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[5] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, V. U. Ahmad, "Hypolipidaemic activity of
seaweed from Karachi Coast," Phytother. Res., 2002, vol. 16, pp. 479-
483.
[6] K. E. Saker, J. H. Fike, H. Veit and D. L. Ward, "Brown seaweed-
(Tasco) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and
immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs," J. Anim. Physiol.
Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 2004, vol. 88, pp. 122-130.
[7] E. J. Lee and M. K. Sung, "Chemoprevention of azoxymethane induced
rat colon carcinogenesis by seatangle, a fiber-rich seaweed," Plant
Foods Human Nutr., 2003, vol. 58, pp. 1-8.
[8] M. Nakai, N. Kageyama, K. Nakahara and W. Miki, "Phlorotannins as
radical scavengers from the extract of Sargassum ringgoldianum," Mar.
Biotechnol., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 409-14.
[9] M. Fayaz, K. K. Namitha, K. N. C. Murthy, R. Sarada, S. Khanam, P.
V. Subbarao and G. A. Ravishankar, "Chemical composition, iron
bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezzi
(Doty) ," J. Agric. Food. Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 792-797.
[10] R. F. Dutra, P. R. Crespo, K. M. A. Coelho and T. V. Laneuville,
"Produtos naturais de algas marinhas e seu potencial antioxidante," Rev.
Bras. Farmacogn., 2007, vol. 17, pp. 631-639.
[11] J. M. Shick and W. C. Dunlap, "Mycosporines-like amino acids and
related gadusols: Biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective
functions in aquatic organisms," Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2002, vol. 64, pp.
223-262.
[12] K. M. Fisch, V. Böhm, A. D. Wright and G. M. König, "Antioxidative
meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita," J. Nat. Prod.,
2003, vol. 66, pp. 968-975.
[13] R. A. Lincoln, K. Strupinski and J. M. Walker, "Bioactive compounds
from algae," Life Chem. Rep., 1991, vol. 8, pp. 97-183.
[14] J.Y. Ang, E. Ezike and B. I. Asmar, "Antibacterial resistance," Indian J.
Pediatr. 2004, vol. 71, pp. 229-39.
[15] N. Motohashi, M. Kawase, S. Saito, C. Miskolci, L. Berek and J.
Molnár, "Plasmid elimination and immunomodulation by 3-
benzazepines in vitro," Anticancer Res., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 5075-5078.
[16] S. A. Selim, M. M. Hagazy and A. S. Amin, "Screening of biopotentials
and antibacterial activities of some fresh and marine Algae from Suez
Canal Region, Egypt," Acta Botanica Hungarica, 2006, vol. 48(1-2),
pp. 115-125.
[17] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance
standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Eleventh Informational
Supplement. Disk diffusion. M100-S 11. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, USA,
2001.
[18] N. M. Deshpande, P. K. Dhakephalkar and P. P. Kanekar, "Plasmid-24.
mediated dimethoate degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCMB-
427," Lett. App. Microbiol., 2001, vol. 33, pp. 275-9.
[19] J. L. McLaughlin, C. Chang and D. L. Smith, "Simple bench-top
bioassays (brine-shrimp and potato discs) for the discovery of plant
antitumour compounds. In: Human Medicinal Agents from Plants,"
(Eds.): A.D. Kinghorn & M.F. Balandrin. Washington DC: American
Chemical Society, 1993, pp. 112-137.
[20] D.J. Finney, "Probit Analysis," 3rd ed., Cambridge University press,
Cambridge, London, 1971.
[21] G. König and A. Wright, "Laurencia rigida: chemical investigations of
its antifouling dichloromethane extract," J. Nat. Prod., 1997, vol. 60,
pp. 967-970.
[22] L. R. Carvalho and N. F. Roque, "Fen├│is halogenados e/ou sulfatados de
macroalgas marinhas," Química Nova., 2000, vol. 23, pp. 757-764.
[23] C. S. Vairappan, M. Suzuki, T. Motomuraa and T. Ichimura,
"Pathogenic bacteria associated with lesions and thallus bleaching
symptoms in the Japanese kelp Laminaria religiosa Miyabe
(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)," Hydrobiologia, 2001, vol. 445, pp.
183-191
[24] K. G. Rosell and L. M.Srivastava, "Fatty acids as antimicrobial
substances in brown algae," Hydrobiologia, 1987, vol. 151/152, pp.
471-475.
[25] A. Bansemir, M. Blume, S. Schröder and U. Lindequist, "Screening of
cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic
bacteria," Aquaculture, 2006, vol. 252, pp. 79-84.
[26] R. Ely, T. Supriya and C. G. Naik, "Antimicrobial activity of marine
organisms collected off the coast of South East India," J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol., 2004, vol. 309, pp. 121-127.
[27] Y. Freile-Pelegrin and J. L.Morales, "Antibacterial activity in marine
algae from the coast of Yucatan," Mexico. Bot. Mar., 2004, vol. 47, pp.
140-146.
[28] V. M. V. S. Sastry and G. R. K. Rao, "Antibacterial substances from
marine algae: Successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and
methanol," Botanica Marina, 1994, vol. 37, pp. 357-360.
[29] B. Lustigman and C. Brown, "Antibiotic production by marine algae
isolated from the New York/New Jersey Coast," Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1991, vol. 46, pp. 329-
335.
[30] V. Vlachos, A. T. Critchley and A. von Holy, "Antimicrobial activity of
extracts from selected Southern African marine macroalgae," South
African Journal of Science, 1997, vol. 93, pp. 328-332.
[31] Y. Hirota, "The effect of acridine dyes on mating type factors in
Escherichia coli," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1960, vol. 46, pp. 57-64.
[32] T. Watanabe, H. Nishida, C. Ogata, T. Arai and S. Sato, "Episomemediated
transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae VII: Two
type of naturally occurring R factors," J. Bacteriol., 1964, vol. 88, pp.
716-26.
[33] V. V. Lakshmi, S. Padma and H. Polasa, "Elimination of multidrugresistant
plasmid in bacteria by plumbagin, a compound derived from a
plant," Curr. Microbiol., 1987, vol. 16, pp. 159-61.
[34] A. Z. Beg and I. Ahmad, "Effect of Plumbago Zeylinica extract and
certain curing agents on multidrug resistance bacteria of clinical origin,"
World J. Microb. Biotech., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 841-4.
[35] Z. Schelz, J. Molnar and J. Hohmann, "Antimicrobial and antiplasmid
activities of essential oils," Fitoterapia, 2006, vol. 77, pp. 279-85.
[36] A. Manilal, S. Sujith, G. S. Kiran, J. Selvin, C. Shakir, R. Gandhimathi
and M.V.N. Panikkar, "Bio-potentials of seaweeds collected from
Southwest coast of India," J. Mar. Sci. and Technol., 2009, vol. 17, pp.
67-73.
[37] M. V. Tillekeratne and F. J. Schimitz, "4,9-diacetoxyudoteal: Alinear
diterpene aldehyde from the green alga Halimeda opuntia,"
Phytochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 1331-1333.
[38] J. Ara, V. Sultana, R. Qasim, S. Ehteshamul-Haque and V.U. Ahmad,
"Biological activity of Spatoglossum asperum: A brown algae,"
Phytother. Res., 2005, vol. 19, pp. 618-623.
[39] A. J. Smit, "Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural
products: A review," J. Appl. Phycol., 2004, vol. 16, pp. 245-262.
[40] R. C. Vinayak, A.S. Sabu and A. Chatterji, "Bioprospecting of a few
brown seaweed for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities," eCAM,
2010, pp. 1-9.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:58588", author = "Samy A. Selim", title = "Antimicrobial, Antiplasmid and Cytotoxicity Potentials of Marine Algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme Collected from Red Sea Coast", abstract = "The antimicrobial, antiplasmid and cytotoxic activities of marine algae Halimeda opuntia and Sarconema filiforme were investigated. Antimicrobial bioassay against some human pathogenic bacteria and yeast were conducted using disc diffusion method. Halimeda extract exhibited antibacterial activity against six species of microrganisms, with significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. While Sarconema extract was better potent as antifungal against Candida albicans. Comparative antibacterial studies showed that Halimeda extract showed equivalent or better activity as compared with commercial antibiotic when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Further tests conducted using dilution method showed both extracts as having bacteriostatic mode of action against the tested microorganisms. Methanol extract of two species showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 ", keywords = "Antimicrobial, antiplasmid Cytotoxicity, Marine Algae.", volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "15-6", }
