Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Influents of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Jordan
Grab samples were collected in the summer to characterize selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the influent of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Jordan. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was utilized to determine the concentrations of 18 compounds of PPCPs. Among all of the PPCPs analyzed, eight compounds were detected in the influent samples (1,7-dimethylxanthine, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, cotinine, morphine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim). However, five compounds (amphetamine, cimetidine, diphenhydramine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and sulfachloropyridazine) were not detected in collected samples (below the detection limits <0.005 ng/l). Moreover, the results indicated that the highest concentration levels detected in collected samples were caffeine, acetaminophen, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, cotinine and carbamazepine at concentration of 182.5 µg/L, 28.7 µg/l, 7.47 µg/l, 4.67 µg/l and 1.54 µg/L, respectively. In general, most of compounds concentrations measured in wastewater in Jordan are within the range for wastewater previously reported in India wastewater except caffeine.
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[9] Miège C, Choubert JM, Ribeiro L, Eusèbe M, Coquery M. Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants — conception of a database and first results. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:1721–6.
[10] Monteiro SC, Boxall ABA. Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2010;202:53-154.
[11] Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment — a review. Sci Total Environ 2012;429:123–55.
[12] Veach, A. M. and M. J. Bernot (2011). "Temporal variation of pharmaceuticals in an urban and agriculturally influenced stream." Science of The Total Environment 409(21): 4553-4563.
[13] Li, H., P. A. Helm and C. D. Metcalfe (2010). "Sampling in the Great Lakes for pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting substances using the passive polar organic chemical integrative sampler." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(4): 751-762.
[14] Barnes, K. K., D. W. Kolpin, E. T. Furlong, S. D. Zaugg, M. T. Meyer and L. B. Barber (2008). "A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States — I) Groundwater." Science of The Total Environment 402(2–3): 192-200.
[15] Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., D. D. Snow, T. Damon, J. Shockley, and K. Hoagland (2009). The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska. Environmental Pollution 157(3): 786–791.
[16] Blair, B. et al., 2015. Evaluating the degradation, sorption, and negative mass balances of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 134, pp.395–401. Available at: 227 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.078.
[17] Boxall, B. et al., 2014. Exploiting monitoring data in environmental exposure modelling and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. Environment International, 73, pp.176–185. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.018.
[18] Luo, Y. L., Guo, W.S., Ngo, H. H., Nghiem, L. D., Hai, F. I., Zhang, J., Liang, S., Wang, X. C. C. 2014. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 473, 619-641.
[19] Verlicchi, P. & Zambello, E., 2015. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in untreated and treated sewage sludge: Occurrence and environmental risk in the case of application on soil - A critical review. Science of the Total Environment, 538, pp.750–767. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.108.
[20] Balakrishna K., Rath A., Praveenkumarreddy Y., Guruge K. S., Subedi B. 2017, A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 137 (2017) 113–120.
[1] Daughton, C. G. (2001). "Emerging pollutants, and communicating the science of environmental chemistry and mass spectrometry: Pharmaceuticals in the environment." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 12(10): 1067-1076.
[2] Ternes TA (1998) Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Res 32: 3245-3260.doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00099-3
[3] Kümmerer K. (2009) The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use: present knowledge and future challenges. J. Environ. Manage, 8:2354–2358.
[4] Bound, J. P. and N. Voulvoulis (2005). "Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom." Environmental Health Perspectives.
[5] Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber and H. T. Buxton (2002). "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science and Technology 36(6): 1202-1211.
[6] Bunch, A. and M. Bernot (2011). "Distribution of nonprescription pharmaceuticals in central Indiana streams and effects on sediment microbial activity." Ecotoxicology 20(1): 97-109.
[7] Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, Llompart M, García-Jares C, Rodríguez I, et al. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Research 2004; 38: 2918-2926.
[8] Jones OA, Lester JN, Voulvoulis N (2005) Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?. TRENDS in Biotechnology 23: 163-167.
[9] Miège C, Choubert JM, Ribeiro L, Eusèbe M, Coquery M. Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants — conception of a database and first results. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:1721–6.
[10] Monteiro SC, Boxall ABA. Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2010;202:53-154.
[11] Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment — a review. Sci Total Environ 2012;429:123–55.
[12] Veach, A. M. and M. J. Bernot (2011). "Temporal variation of pharmaceuticals in an urban and agriculturally influenced stream." Science of The Total Environment 409(21): 4553-4563.
[13] Li, H., P. A. Helm and C. D. Metcalfe (2010). "Sampling in the Great Lakes for pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting substances using the passive polar organic chemical integrative sampler." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(4): 751-762.
[14] Barnes, K. K., D. W. Kolpin, E. T. Furlong, S. D. Zaugg, M. T. Meyer and L. B. Barber (2008). "A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States — I) Groundwater." Science of The Total Environment 402(2–3): 192-200.
[15] Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., D. D. Snow, T. Damon, J. Shockley, and K. Hoagland (2009). The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska. Environmental Pollution 157(3): 786–791.
[16] Blair, B. et al., 2015. Evaluating the degradation, sorption, and negative mass balances of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 134, pp.395–401. Available at: 227 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.078.
[17] Boxall, B. et al., 2014. Exploiting monitoring data in environmental exposure modelling and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. Environment International, 73, pp.176–185. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.018.
[18] Luo, Y. L., Guo, W.S., Ngo, H. H., Nghiem, L. D., Hai, F. I., Zhang, J., Liang, S., Wang, X. C. C. 2014. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 473, 619-641.
[19] Verlicchi, P. & Zambello, E., 2015. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in untreated and treated sewage sludge: Occurrence and environmental risk in the case of application on soil - A critical review. Science of the Total Environment, 538, pp.750–767. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.108.
[20] Balakrishna K., Rath A., Praveenkumarreddy Y., Guruge K. S., Subedi B. 2017, A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 137 (2017) 113–120.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:77629", author = "O. A. Al-Mashaqbeh and A. M. Ghrair and D. Alsafadi and S. S. Dalahmeh and S. L. Bartelt-Hunt and D. D. Snow", title = "Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Influents of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Jordan", abstract = "Grab samples were collected in the summer to characterize selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the influent of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Jordan. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was utilized to determine the concentrations of 18 compounds of PPCPs. Among all of the PPCPs analyzed, eight compounds were detected in the influent samples (1,7-dimethylxanthine, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, cotinine, morphine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim). However, five compounds (amphetamine, cimetidine, diphenhydramine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and sulfachloropyridazine) were not detected in collected samples (below the detection limits ", keywords = "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, wastewater, Jordan.", volume = "12", number = "6", pages = "461-5", }
