Aerodynamic Design Optimization of High-Speed Hatchback Cars for Lucrative Commercial Applications
The choice of high-speed, low budget hatchback car with diversified options is increasing for meeting the new generation buyers trend. This paper is aimed to augment the current speed of the hatchback cars through the aerodynamic drag reduction technique. The inverted airfoils are facilitated at the bottom of the car for generating the downward force for negating the lift while increasing the current speed range for achieving a better road performance. The numerical simulations have been carried out using a 2D steady pressure-based k-ɛ realizable model with enhanced wall treatment. In our numerical studies, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model and its code of solution are used. The code is calibrated and validated using the exact solution of the 2D boundary layer displacement thickness at the Sanal flow choking condition for adiabatic flows. We observed through the parametric analytical studies that the inverted airfoil integrated with the bottom surface at various predesigned locations of Hatchback cars can improve its overall aerodynamic efficiency through drag reduction, which obviously decreases the fuel consumption significantly and ensure an optimum road performance lucratively with maximum permissible speed within the framework of the manufactures constraints.
[1] Dharni Vasudhevan, Venkatesan, Shanjay K. E, Sujith Kumar H, Abhilash N. A, Aswin Ram D, V. R. Sanal Kumar, “Studies on Race Car Aerodynamics at Wing in Ground Effect”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Vol:8, No:7, 2014.
[2] S.M. Rakibul Hassan, Toukir Islam, Mohammad Ali, Md. Quamrul Islam, “Numerical Study on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Racing Cars”, 10th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICME 2013, Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 308 – 313.
[3] Ashpak D Kazi, Pradyumna Acharya, Akhil Patil, Aniket Noraje, “Effect of Spoiler Design on Hatchback Car”, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 09, (September– 2016) ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2016.3065.THKRO.
[4] Rubel Chandra Das and Mahmud Riyad, “CFD Analysis of Passenger Vehicle Various Angle of Rear End Spoiler, 10th International Conference on Marine Technology”, MARTEC 2016, Procedia Engineering 194 (2017) 160 – 165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.130.
[5] Jonathan Zerihan and Xin Zhang, “Aerodynamics of a Single Element Wing in Ground Effect”, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2000), pp. 1058-1064, https://doi.org/10.2514/2.2711.
[6] Ashok Gopalarathnam, Michael S. Seligt and Frank Hsu, “Design of High-Lift Airfoils for Low Aspect Ratio Wings with Endplates”, The 15th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, June 23-25, 1997, Atlanta, GA, AIAA Paper No. 97-2232.
[7] B. N. Devaiah and S. Umesh, “Enhancement of aerodynamic performance of a Formula-1 race car using add-on devices”, SASTECH Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, April 2013.
[8] Sinisa Krajnovic and Lars Davidson, “Large-Eddy Simulation of the Flow around Simplified Car Model”, 2004 SAE World Congress, SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0227, Detroit, USA, 2004. Copyright c 2004 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
[9] Gavin Dias, Nisha R. Tiwari, Joju John Varghese, Graham Koyeerath, “Aerodynamic Analysis of a Car for Reducing Drag Force”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3, Ver. I (May-Jun. 2016), PP 114-118.
[10] R. Prasad and M. Damodaran, “Computational modeling of steady and unsteady low-speed wing in ground effect aerodynamics”, 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 07 - 10 January 2013, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas.
[11] H. Lienhart, C. Stoots, and S. Becker, “Flow and turbulence structures on the wake of simplified car model (Ahmed model)”, DGLR Fach. Symp. der AG ATAB, Stuttgart University, 2000.
[12] Sagar Sharma, Saurabh Banga, Rohit Singh Dungriyal, Mohammad Zunaid, Naushad Ahmad Ansari, Suresh Lal, “CFD Analysis and Optimization of Geometrical Modifications of Ahmed Body”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 5 Ver. I (Sep. - Oct. 2015), PP 37-49.
[13] Y. Wang, Y. Xin, Zh. Gu, Sh. Wang, Y. Deng and X. Yang, “Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three Typical Passenger Vehicles”, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 659-671, 2014.
[14] Rio Teguh Kurniawan, Lavi R Zuhal, Ema Amalia, “Computational Aerodynamic Study of a hatchback car model”, MESIN VOL.23NO1.
[15] Praveen Padagannavar and Manohara Bheemanna, “Automotive computational fluid dynamics simulation of a car using Ansys”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016.
[16] Rao, G. Minelli, B. Basara, S. Krajnovic , “On the two flow states in the wake of a hatchback Ahmed body”, Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics 173 (2018) 262–278.
[17] Akshay Parab, Ammar Sakarwala, Bhushan Paste, Vaibhav Patil and Amol Mangrulkar, “Aerodynamic Analysis of a Car Model using Fluent- Ansys 14.5”, International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE), ISSN: 2349-7947 Volume: 1 Issue: 4.
[18] Sanal Kumar, V. R, Vigneshwaran Sankar, Nichith Chandrasekaran, Vignesh Saravanan, Vishnu Natarajan, Sathyan Padmanabhan, Ajith Sukumaran, Sivabalan Mani, Tharikaa Rameshkumar, Hema Sai Nagaraju Doddi, Krithika Vysaprasad, Sharad Sharan, Pavithra Murugesh, S.Ganesh Shankar, Mohammed Niyasdeen Nejaamtheen, Roshan Vignesh Baskaran, Sulthan Ariff Rahman Mohamed Rafic, Ukeshkumar Harisrinivasan, and Vivek Srinivasan, “A closed-form analytical model for predicting 3D boundary layer displacement thickness for the validation of viscous flow solvers,” AIP Advances, 8, 025315 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5020333; View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020333.
[19] Volkswagen Blueprints, https://drawingdatabase.com/category/vehicles/cars/volkswagen/.
[1] Dharni Vasudhevan, Venkatesan, Shanjay K. E, Sujith Kumar H, Abhilash N. A, Aswin Ram D, V. R. Sanal Kumar, “Studies on Race Car Aerodynamics at Wing in Ground Effect”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Vol:8, No:7, 2014.
[2] S.M. Rakibul Hassan, Toukir Islam, Mohammad Ali, Md. Quamrul Islam, “Numerical Study on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Racing Cars”, 10th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICME 2013, Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 308 – 313.
[3] Ashpak D Kazi, Pradyumna Acharya, Akhil Patil, Aniket Noraje, “Effect of Spoiler Design on Hatchback Car”, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 09, (September– 2016) ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2016.3065.THKRO.
[4] Rubel Chandra Das and Mahmud Riyad, “CFD Analysis of Passenger Vehicle Various Angle of Rear End Spoiler, 10th International Conference on Marine Technology”, MARTEC 2016, Procedia Engineering 194 (2017) 160 – 165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.130.
[5] Jonathan Zerihan and Xin Zhang, “Aerodynamics of a Single Element Wing in Ground Effect”, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2000), pp. 1058-1064, https://doi.org/10.2514/2.2711.
[6] Ashok Gopalarathnam, Michael S. Seligt and Frank Hsu, “Design of High-Lift Airfoils for Low Aspect Ratio Wings with Endplates”, The 15th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, June 23-25, 1997, Atlanta, GA, AIAA Paper No. 97-2232.
[7] B. N. Devaiah and S. Umesh, “Enhancement of aerodynamic performance of a Formula-1 race car using add-on devices”, SASTECH Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, April 2013.
[8] Sinisa Krajnovic and Lars Davidson, “Large-Eddy Simulation of the Flow around Simplified Car Model”, 2004 SAE World Congress, SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0227, Detroit, USA, 2004. Copyright c 2004 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
[9] Gavin Dias, Nisha R. Tiwari, Joju John Varghese, Graham Koyeerath, “Aerodynamic Analysis of a Car for Reducing Drag Force”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3, Ver. I (May-Jun. 2016), PP 114-118.
[10] R. Prasad and M. Damodaran, “Computational modeling of steady and unsteady low-speed wing in ground effect aerodynamics”, 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 07 - 10 January 2013, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas.
[11] H. Lienhart, C. Stoots, and S. Becker, “Flow and turbulence structures on the wake of simplified car model (Ahmed model)”, DGLR Fach. Symp. der AG ATAB, Stuttgart University, 2000.
[12] Sagar Sharma, Saurabh Banga, Rohit Singh Dungriyal, Mohammad Zunaid, Naushad Ahmad Ansari, Suresh Lal, “CFD Analysis and Optimization of Geometrical Modifications of Ahmed Body”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 5 Ver. I (Sep. - Oct. 2015), PP 37-49.
[13] Y. Wang, Y. Xin, Zh. Gu, Sh. Wang, Y. Deng and X. Yang, “Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three Typical Passenger Vehicles”, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 659-671, 2014.
[14] Rio Teguh Kurniawan, Lavi R Zuhal, Ema Amalia, “Computational Aerodynamic Study of a hatchback car model”, MESIN VOL.23NO1.
[15] Praveen Padagannavar and Manohara Bheemanna, “Automotive computational fluid dynamics simulation of a car using Ansys”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016.
[16] Rao, G. Minelli, B. Basara, S. Krajnovic , “On the two flow states in the wake of a hatchback Ahmed body”, Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics 173 (2018) 262–278.
[17] Akshay Parab, Ammar Sakarwala, Bhushan Paste, Vaibhav Patil and Amol Mangrulkar, “Aerodynamic Analysis of a Car Model using Fluent- Ansys 14.5”, International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE), ISSN: 2349-7947 Volume: 1 Issue: 4.
[18] Sanal Kumar, V. R, Vigneshwaran Sankar, Nichith Chandrasekaran, Vignesh Saravanan, Vishnu Natarajan, Sathyan Padmanabhan, Ajith Sukumaran, Sivabalan Mani, Tharikaa Rameshkumar, Hema Sai Nagaraju Doddi, Krithika Vysaprasad, Sharad Sharan, Pavithra Murugesh, S.Ganesh Shankar, Mohammed Niyasdeen Nejaamtheen, Roshan Vignesh Baskaran, Sulthan Ariff Rahman Mohamed Rafic, Ukeshkumar Harisrinivasan, and Vivek Srinivasan, “A closed-form analytical model for predicting 3D boundary layer displacement thickness for the validation of viscous flow solvers,” AIP Advances, 8, 025315 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5020333; View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020333.
[19] Volkswagen Blueprints, https://drawingdatabase.com/category/vehicles/cars/volkswagen/.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:78575", author = "A. Aravind and M. Vetrivel and P. Abhimanyu and C. A. Akaash Emmanuel Raj and K. Sundararaj and V. R. S. Kumar", title = "Aerodynamic Design Optimization of High-Speed Hatchback Cars for Lucrative Commercial Applications", abstract = "The choice of high-speed, low budget hatchback car with diversified options is increasing for meeting the new generation buyers trend. This paper is aimed to augment the current speed of the hatchback cars through the aerodynamic drag reduction technique. The inverted airfoils are facilitated at the bottom of the car for generating the downward force for negating the lift while increasing the current speed range for achieving a better road performance. The numerical simulations have been carried out using a 2D steady pressure-based k-ɛ realizable model with enhanced wall treatment. In our numerical studies, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model and its code of solution are used. The code is calibrated and validated using the exact solution of the 2D boundary layer displacement thickness at the Sanal flow choking condition for adiabatic flows. We observed through the parametric analytical studies that the inverted airfoil integrated with the bottom surface at various predesigned locations of Hatchback cars can improve its overall aerodynamic efficiency through drag reduction, which obviously decreases the fuel consumption significantly and ensure an optimum road performance lucratively with maximum permissible speed within the framework of the manufactures constraints.
", keywords = "Aerodynamics of commercial cars, downward force, hatchback car, inverted airfoil.", volume = "13", number = "3", pages = "236-8", }
