A Novel Optimal Setting for Directional over Current Relay Coordination using Particle Swarm Optimization
Over Current Relays (OCRs) and Directional Over Current Relays (DOCRs) are widely used for the radial protection and ring sub transmission protection systems and for distribution systems. All previous work formulates the DOCR coordination problem either as a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) for TDS and Ip or as a Linear Programming (LP) for TDS using recently a social behavior (Particle Swarm Optimization techniques) introduced to the work. In this paper, a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) technique is discussed for the optimal settings of DOCRs in power systems as a Non-Linear Programming problem for finding Ip values of the relays and for finding the TDS setting as a linear programming problem. The calculation of the Time Dial Setting (TDS) and the pickup current (Ip) setting of the relays is the core of the coordination study. PSO technique is considered as realistic and powerful solution schemes to obtain the global or quasi global optimum in optimization problem.
[1] P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection, New York: McGraw-Hill,
1999.
[2] H.H. Zeineldin, E.F. El-Saadany, M.M.A. Salama., "Optimal
coordination of over current relays using a modified particle swarm
optimization" Electric Power Systems Research 76 (2006) 988-995.
[3] Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Relay-
Instrument Division, Coral Springs, FL 33065, 1982.
[4] R.E. Albrecht, M.J. Nisja, W.E. Feero, G.D. Rockefeller, C.L. Wagner,
"Digital computer protective device coordination program - I - general
program description", IEEE Trans. PAS 83 (4) (1964) 402-410.
[5] M.J. Damborg, R. Ramswami, S. Venkata, J. Posforoosh, "Computer
aided transmission protective system design, Part I: algorithms", IEEE
Trans. PAS 103 (4) (1984).
[6] L. Jenkines, H. Khincha, S. Shivakumar, P. Dash, "An application of
functional dependencies to the topological analysis of protection
schemes", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 7 (1) (1992) 77-83.
[7] A. Urdenta, R. Nadria, L. Jimenez, "Optimal coordination of directional
over current relays in interconnected power systems", IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery 3 (1988) 903-911.
[8] N.A. Laway, H.O. Gupta, "A method for coordination of over current
relays in interconnected power systems", IE J. 74 (1993) 59-65.
[9] B. Chattopadhyay, M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu, "An on-line relay
coordination algorithm for adaptive protection using linear programming
technique", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 11 (1) (1996) 165-173.
[10] A.J. Urdenta, L.G. Perez, H. Resterbo, "Optimal coordination of
directional over current relays considering dynamic changes in the
network topology", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 12 (4) (1997) 1458-
1464.
[11] Dinesh Birla, Rudra Prakash Maheshwari, Hari Om Gupta. "Time-Over
current Relay Coordination: A Review", International Journal of
Emerging Electric Power Systems, Volume 2, and Issue 2 2005 Article
1039.
[12] C. W. So, K. K. Li, K. T. Lai, and K. Y. Fung, "Application of genetic
algorithm for over current relay coordination," in Proc. IEE
Developments in Power System Protection Conf., 1997, pp. 66-69.
[13] C. W. So and K. K. Li, "Time coordination method for power system
protection by evolutionary algorithm," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36,
no. 5, pp. 1235-1240, Sep./Oct. 2000.
[14] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," in Proc.
IEEE Neural Networks Conf., Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[15] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "A new optimizer using particle swarm
theory," in Proc. Symp. Micro Machine and Human Science,
Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 39-43.
[16] Warrington, A.R.C., The protective relays, Theory and practice, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969.
[17] Damborg, M.J., R. Ramaswani, S.S. Venkata, and J. Postforoosh,
"Computer Aided Transmission Protection System Design, Part I:
Algorithm," IEEE Trans. On PAS, Vol. PAS-103, 1984, pp. 51-59.
[18] Sachdev, M.S., et.al. "Mathematical Models Representing Time-Current
Characteristics os over Current Relays for Computer Applications,"
IEEEPES Winter Meeting Conference Proc., 1978, pp. 1-8.
[19] Urdancta, A.J., "Minimax Optimization for power system Control: A
Multiple Objective Approach," PhD Dissertation, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
[20] Bruce A. McCarl, "Course material from GAMS class 2 using
GAMSIDE," Apr.2000.
[21] P. Tarasewich and P. R. McMullen, "Swarm intelligence: Power in
numbers," Commun. ACM pp. 62-67, Aug. 2002 [Online]. Available:
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/tarase/TaraseMcMullSwarm.pdf.
[22] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "A new optimizer using particle swarm
theory," in Proc. Symp. Micro Machine and Human Science,
Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 39-43.
[23] Y. Shi and R. Eberhart, "A modified particle swarm optimizer," in Proc.
IEEE Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, 1998, pp. 69-73.
[24] N. El-Sherif, "Intelligent optimization techniques for protective relays
coordiantion," M.Sc. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Power Mach., Univ. Ain
Shams, Cairo, Egypt, 2005.
[25] J. Kennedy, "Small Worlds and mega minds: effects of neighborhood
topology on particle swarm performance," in proceedings of the
conference of Evolutionary Computation, Washington DC, US, pages
1931-1938, 1999.
[26] J. Kenney, R. C. Eberhart, and Y. Shi, "Swarm Intelligence," Morgan
Kaufmann Publishers, 2001.
[27] J. Kenney and R. Mendes, "Population structure and particle swarm
performance," in IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence,
proceedings of the Congress on Evolutionary Computing. Honolulu,
Hawaii, 2002.
[28] F. van den Bergh and A.P. Engelbrecht, "A new locally convergent
Particle Swarm optimizer," IEEE International Conference on Systems,
Man and Cybernetic, Vol. 3, Oct. 2002.
[29] F. V. D. Bergh, "An analysis of particle swarm optimizer," Ph.D.
dissertation, Univ. Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2001 [Online].
Available: http://www.cs.up.ac.za/cs/fvdbergh/publications.php.
[30] J. B. Park, K. S. Lee, J. R. Shin, and K. Y. Lee, "A particle swarm
optimization for economic dispatch with nonsmooth cost functions,"
IEEE Trans. Power System., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 34-42, Feb. 2005.
[1] P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection, New York: McGraw-Hill,
1999.
[2] H.H. Zeineldin, E.F. El-Saadany, M.M.A. Salama., "Optimal
coordination of over current relays using a modified particle swarm
optimization" Electric Power Systems Research 76 (2006) 988-995.
[3] Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Relay-
Instrument Division, Coral Springs, FL 33065, 1982.
[4] R.E. Albrecht, M.J. Nisja, W.E. Feero, G.D. Rockefeller, C.L. Wagner,
"Digital computer protective device coordination program - I - general
program description", IEEE Trans. PAS 83 (4) (1964) 402-410.
[5] M.J. Damborg, R. Ramswami, S. Venkata, J. Posforoosh, "Computer
aided transmission protective system design, Part I: algorithms", IEEE
Trans. PAS 103 (4) (1984).
[6] L. Jenkines, H. Khincha, S. Shivakumar, P. Dash, "An application of
functional dependencies to the topological analysis of protection
schemes", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 7 (1) (1992) 77-83.
[7] A. Urdenta, R. Nadria, L. Jimenez, "Optimal coordination of directional
over current relays in interconnected power systems", IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery 3 (1988) 903-911.
[8] N.A. Laway, H.O. Gupta, "A method for coordination of over current
relays in interconnected power systems", IE J. 74 (1993) 59-65.
[9] B. Chattopadhyay, M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu, "An on-line relay
coordination algorithm for adaptive protection using linear programming
technique", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 11 (1) (1996) 165-173.
[10] A.J. Urdenta, L.G. Perez, H. Resterbo, "Optimal coordination of
directional over current relays considering dynamic changes in the
network topology", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 12 (4) (1997) 1458-
1464.
[11] Dinesh Birla, Rudra Prakash Maheshwari, Hari Om Gupta. "Time-Over
current Relay Coordination: A Review", International Journal of
Emerging Electric Power Systems, Volume 2, and Issue 2 2005 Article
1039.
[12] C. W. So, K. K. Li, K. T. Lai, and K. Y. Fung, "Application of genetic
algorithm for over current relay coordination," in Proc. IEE
Developments in Power System Protection Conf., 1997, pp. 66-69.
[13] C. W. So and K. K. Li, "Time coordination method for power system
protection by evolutionary algorithm," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36,
no. 5, pp. 1235-1240, Sep./Oct. 2000.
[14] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," in Proc.
IEEE Neural Networks Conf., Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[15] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "A new optimizer using particle swarm
theory," in Proc. Symp. Micro Machine and Human Science,
Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 39-43.
[16] Warrington, A.R.C., The protective relays, Theory and practice, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969.
[17] Damborg, M.J., R. Ramaswani, S.S. Venkata, and J. Postforoosh,
"Computer Aided Transmission Protection System Design, Part I:
Algorithm," IEEE Trans. On PAS, Vol. PAS-103, 1984, pp. 51-59.
[18] Sachdev, M.S., et.al. "Mathematical Models Representing Time-Current
Characteristics os over Current Relays for Computer Applications,"
IEEEPES Winter Meeting Conference Proc., 1978, pp. 1-8.
[19] Urdancta, A.J., "Minimax Optimization for power system Control: A
Multiple Objective Approach," PhD Dissertation, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
[20] Bruce A. McCarl, "Course material from GAMS class 2 using
GAMSIDE," Apr.2000.
[21] P. Tarasewich and P. R. McMullen, "Swarm intelligence: Power in
numbers," Commun. ACM pp. 62-67, Aug. 2002 [Online]. Available:
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/tarase/TaraseMcMullSwarm.pdf.
[22] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "A new optimizer using particle swarm
theory," in Proc. Symp. Micro Machine and Human Science,
Piscataway, NJ, 1995, pp. 39-43.
[23] Y. Shi and R. Eberhart, "A modified particle swarm optimizer," in Proc.
IEEE Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, 1998, pp. 69-73.
[24] N. El-Sherif, "Intelligent optimization techniques for protective relays
coordiantion," M.Sc. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Power Mach., Univ. Ain
Shams, Cairo, Egypt, 2005.
[25] J. Kennedy, "Small Worlds and mega minds: effects of neighborhood
topology on particle swarm performance," in proceedings of the
conference of Evolutionary Computation, Washington DC, US, pages
1931-1938, 1999.
[26] J. Kenney, R. C. Eberhart, and Y. Shi, "Swarm Intelligence," Morgan
Kaufmann Publishers, 2001.
[27] J. Kenney and R. Mendes, "Population structure and particle swarm
performance," in IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence,
proceedings of the Congress on Evolutionary Computing. Honolulu,
Hawaii, 2002.
[28] F. van den Bergh and A.P. Engelbrecht, "A new locally convergent
Particle Swarm optimizer," IEEE International Conference on Systems,
Man and Cybernetic, Vol. 3, Oct. 2002.
[29] F. V. D. Bergh, "An analysis of particle swarm optimizer," Ph.D.
dissertation, Univ. Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2001 [Online].
Available: http://www.cs.up.ac.za/cs/fvdbergh/publications.php.
[30] J. B. Park, K. S. Lee, J. R. Shin, and K. Y. Lee, "A particle swarm
optimization for economic dispatch with nonsmooth cost functions,"
IEEE Trans. Power System., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 34-42, Feb. 2005.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:61978", author = "D. Vijayakumar and R. K. Nema", title = "A Novel Optimal Setting for Directional over Current Relay Coordination using Particle Swarm Optimization", abstract = "Over Current Relays (OCRs) and Directional Over Current Relays (DOCRs) are widely used for the radial protection and ring sub transmission protection systems and for distribution systems. All previous work formulates the DOCR coordination problem either as a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) for TDS and Ip or as a Linear Programming (LP) for TDS using recently a social behavior (Particle Swarm Optimization techniques) introduced to the work. In this paper, a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) technique is discussed for the optimal settings of DOCRs in power systems as a Non-Linear Programming problem for finding Ip values of the relays and for finding the TDS setting as a linear programming problem. The calculation of the Time Dial Setting (TDS) and the pickup current (Ip) setting of the relays is the core of the coordination study. PSO technique is considered as realistic and powerful solution schemes to obtain the global or quasi global optimum in optimization problem.
", keywords = "Directional over current relays, Optimization
techniques, Particle swarm optimization, Power system protection.", volume = "2", number = "5", pages = "950-6", }
